 Saul Perlmutter received half of the 2011 Nobel Prize in Physics for his Supernova Cosmology Project, which discovered that galaxies are receding from one another faster now than they were billions of years ago.
Photo by Roy Kaltschmidt (Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory)  The other recipients of this year’s Nobel Prize were Adam Riess (left) and Brian Schmidt for their work on the High-z Supernova Search Team.
Photo by Riess: W. Kirk (The Johns Hopkins University) and STScI; Schmidt: AAP The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences has decided to award the Nobel Prize in Physics for 2011 with one half to Saul Perlmutter from the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and University of California, Berkeley, for his work on the Supernova Cosmology Project, and the other half to Brian P. Schmidt from the Australian National University and Adam G. Riess from the Johns Hopkins University and Space Telescope Science Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, for their work on the High-z Supernova Search Team .
What will be the final destiny of the universe? Probably it will end in ice, if we are to believe this year's Nobel Laureates in Physics. They have studied several dozen exploding stars, called supernovae, and discovered that the universe is expanding at an ever-accelerating rate. The discovery came as a complete surprise even to the Laureates themselves.
In 1998, cosmology was shaken at its foundations as two research teams presented their findings. Headed by Saul Perlmutter, one of the teams had set to work in 1988. Brian Schmidt headed another team, launched at the end of 1994, where Adam Riess was to play a crucial role.
The research teams raced to map the universe by locating the most distant supernovae. More sophisticated telescopes on the ground and in space, as well as more powerful computers and new digital imaging sensors (CCD, Nobel Prize in Physics in 2009), opened the possibility in the 1990s to add more pieces to the cosmological puzzle.
The teams used a particular kind of supernova, called a type Ia supernova, that is the explosion of an old compact star as heavy as the Sun but as small as the Earth. A single such supernova can emit as much light as a whole galaxy. All in all, the two research teams found more than 50 distant supernovae whose light was weaker than expected — this was a sign that the expansion of the universe was accelerating. The potential pitfalls had been numerous, and the scientists found reassurance in the fact that both groups had reached the same astonishing conclusion.
For almost a century, the universe has been known to be expanding as a consequence of the Big Bang 13.7 billion years ago. However, the discovery that this expansion is accelerating is astounding. If the expansion will continue to speed up, the universe will end in ice.
The acceleration is thought to be driven by dark energy, but what that dark energy is remains an enigma — perhaps the greatest in physics today. What is known is that dark energy constitutes about three-quarters of the universe. Therefore, the findings of the 2011 Nobel Laureates in Physics have helped to unveil a universe that to a large extent is unknown to science. And everything is possible again. |