Mars rovers roll with discoveries

Opportunity snapped this false-color picture November 22, 2006, which shows layered details in the rock promontory called Cape Verde. This view combines several exposures taken by the rover’s panoramic camera. The upper portion of the crater wall contains a jumble of material tossed outward by the impact that excavated Victoria Crater. Erosion exposed the vertical cross-section of ejected material surrounding the crater. Below the jumbled material in the upper part of the wall are layers that survive relatively intact from before the crater-creating impact.

NASA / JPL / Cornell University

December 14, 2006
Journalists and scientists at the American Geophysical Union meeting in San Francisco heard encouraging details about the Mars rovers Spirit and Opportunity, which are closing in on their third year on the Red Planet. Designed to last 90 martian days, the rovers “keep on keepin’ on.” A team of scientists including John Callas of Pasadena’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Steven Squyres of Cornell University, and Ray Arvidson of Washington University presented updates on the rovers’ past year. One has been hustling through a series of furious science activities, and the other has been parked in winterized mode.

The Opportunity rover is navigating the scalloped rim of Victoria Crater, a hole in Mars about half a mile across, stopping around the edge to examine rock outcrops. Top portions of the cliff stacks appear to be rocky rubble cast off by the impact that formed Victoria.

Spirit spent most of the last martian winter on standby, conducting science as it waited for winter to pass. This mosaic was made by Spirit’s microscopic imager November 27, 2006, and shows “King George Island” after the rock was brushed by the rover’s rock abrasion tool. The mosaic covers approximately 6 centimeters (2.4 inches) across and shows the rock’s granular nature. The grains are about 1 millimeter (.04 inches) wide. The rover’s Mössbauer spectrometer provides evidence the grains have an enhanced amount of the mineral hematite relative to surrounding soils.

NASA / JPL / Cornell University/USGS

“We see an abrupt transition between the jumbled-up material and intact layers below it that are still in place from before the impact,” says Squyres. “If you went to [Utah’s] Zion National Park,” he continues, “you would see stuff just like this.” If you were on Mars 3 billion years ago, Squyres cautions against the notion water was everywhere. “There would be a thick stack of windblown, sulfate sand, a massive dune field, with water below the surface that would occasionally rise up, precipitating the blueberries [of hematite],” he says. “It was an arid place, with only occasional areas of sulfate-rich waters that flowed on the surface.”

Spirit, meanwhile, was mostly inactive, “parked” in the Columbia Hills. Its right-front wheel was bad, and driving the rover meant dragging the wheel. The wheel etched into the martian surface and unearthed some mineralogical surprises.

“Spirit is now near a feature we call Home Plate,” says Arvidson, “and has, although recently immobile, taken spectrometer measurements of soils and rocks, monitored atmospheric changes, watched dust roll over the planet’s surface, and discovered two iron-nickel meteorites.”

When it starts out again, Spirit will investigate basaltic rock nicknamed Esperanza. “It’s exciting,” says Arvidson. When Spirit dragged its wheel, it churned up ferric sulfate, another substance that must have formed in water. Evidence of martian water, locked away from the past, continues to turn up in many places. The quest for answering how much water now flows underneath the planet’s surface rolls on along with Spirit and Opportunity.

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