A puzzling storm

An eye of a hurricane, seen on Venus's south pole, leaves questions for scientists.Provided by ESA, Noordwijk, Netherlands
By | Published: March 14, 2008 | Last updated on May 18, 2023
Venus' atmosphere
This is a picture of Venus’s atmosphere, taken by the Venus Monitoring Camera (VMC) during Venus Express orbit number 458 on July 23, 2007. The view shows the southern hemisphere of the planet. It clearly shows enormous, spiral cloud features that form at mid-latitudes.
ESA/MPS/DLR/IDA
March 14, 2008
Venus Express has constantly been observing the south pole of Venus and has found it to be surprisingly fickle. An enormous structure with a central part that looks like the eye of a hurricane, morphs and changes shape within a matter of days, leaving scientists puzzled.

The eye of the hurricane is at the center of a 2000 km-wide vortex. It was discovered in 1974 by the Mariner 10 spacecraft. There is a similar structure on the planet’s north pole, which was observed by the Pioneer Venus mission in 1979.

Venus Express scientists have been studying the structure in the thermal infrared, the wavelength range which reveals the temperature at the cloud-tops. Seen in this wavelength, the core of the vortex appears very bright, probably indicating that a lot of atmospheric gases are moving downward in the region, which creates a depression at the cloud-tops, making the region hotter.

“Simply put, the enormous vortex is similar to what you might see in your bathtub once you have pulled out the plug” says Giuseppe Piccioni, co-Principal Investigator for the Visible and Infrared Thermal Imaging Spectrometer (VIRTIS) on Venus Express, at IASF-INAF, Rome, Italy.

hurricane on Venus
This picture shows a region in the venusian atmosphere about 60 km from the surface, at a wavelength of about 5 micrometers. In this figure, the dipole assumes an eye-like shape and from here until the last image, it is possible to see how its shape evolves rapidly in a span of only 24 hours. The yellow dot in the image indicates the location of the south pole.
ESA/VIRTIS/INAF-IASF/Obs. de Paris-LESIA/Univ. of Oxford
In June 2006, the vortex appeared hourglass-shaped, closely matching observations in the north polar region by Pioneer Venus. Now we know that it changes its shape within a matter of days, from orbit to orbit. The image taken on 26 February 2007 shows the classic dipole shape at the center of the vortex, similar to that which has been observed previously. But an image taken a mere 24 hours earlier shows the center of the vortex to be almost circular, indicating that the shape of this feature can change very fast. At other times, it is typically oval.

Scientists are not sure what actually creates the vortex. Colin Wilson, at the University of Oxford, says, “One explanation is that atmospheric gases heated by the Sun at the equator, rise and then move poleward. In the polar-regions, they converge and sink again. As the gases moves towards the poles, they are deflected sideways because of the planet’s rotation.”

The dynamic nature of this vortex is similar to behavior observed in other vortices on Earth, including those observed at the center of hurricanes.