While color is one of the most important properties of galaxies that astronomers study, it has been difficult to make the measurement for the Milky Way as our solar system is located well within the galaxy. Because of this, clouds of gas and dust obscure all but the closest regions of the galaxy from view, preventing researchers from getting the “big picture.”
“The problem is similar to determining the overall color of Earth when you’re only able to tell what Pennsylvania looks like,” said Jeffrey Newman from the University of Pittsburgh.
To circumvent this problem, Newman and Timothy Licquia, also from the University of Pittsburgh, set out to determine the Milky Way’s color by using images from other, more distant galaxies that can be seen more clearly. The Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) observed these galaxies, a project in which Pittsburgh had an instrumental role that measured the detailed properties of nearly a million galaxies and has obtained color images of roughly a quarter of the sky. Without the large set of galaxies studied by SDSS to compare to, an accurate color determination was not possible. The new color measurement is helping the Pittsburgh researchers understand the Milky Way Galaxy’s development and how it is related to other objects astronomers observe.
“The problem we faced was similar to determining the outside climate when you are in a room with no windows.” said Newman. “You can’t see what’s happening, but you can look online and find current weather conditions someplace where they should be about the same — the local airport, for example.”
The team identified galaxies similar to the Milky Way in properties that could be determined well for each of them — specifically, their total amount of stars and the rate at which they are creating new stars, which are both related to the brightness and color of a galaxy. The Milky Way Galaxy, the researchers realized, should then fall somewhere within the range of colors of these matching objects.
“Thanks to SDSS, the large uniform sample needed to select Milky Way analogs already existed. We just needed to think of the idea for the project, and it was possible,” said Newman. “Although it is a relatively small telescope, only 100 inches (2.5 meters) in diameter, SDSS has been one of the most scientifically productive in history, enabling thousands of new projects like this one.”
Newman described the overall spectrum of light from the Milky Way as being close to the light seen when looking at spring snow in the early morning shortly after dawn. Michael Ramsey from the University of Pittsburgh notes that new spring snow is the whitest (natural) thing on Earth. Many cultures around the world have given the Milky Way names associated with milk — human vision is not sensitive to colors seen in faint light, so the diffuse glow of the galaxy at night appears white. That association has proven to be appropriate, given the Milky Way’s true color.
Astronomers divide most galaxies into two broad categories based on their colors — relatively red galaxies that rarely form new stars and blue galaxies where stars are still being born. (The brightest stars are generally blue, but they are short-lived on cosmic scales and die out quickly.) The new measurements place the Milky Way near the division between the two classes.
This adds to the evidence that although the Milky Way is still producing stars, it is “on its way out,” said Newman. “A few billion years from now, our galaxy will be a much more boring place, full of middle-aged stars slowly using up their fuel and dying off, but without any new ones to take their place. It will be less interesting for astronomers in other galaxies to look at, too — the Milky Way’s spiral arms will fade into obscurity when there are no more blue stars left.”
The Milky Way’s color is exceedingly close to the “cosmic color” measured by Ivan Baldry from John Moores University in Liverpool, England, and his collaborators in 2002; these researchers measured the average color of galaxies in the local universe.
“This close match shows that in many ways the Milky Way is a pretty typical galaxy,” said Newman. “This also agrees well with the ‘Copernican Principle’ embraced by the field of cosmology — just as the Earth is not in a special place in the solar system, we should not expect to live in an unusual place in the universe.”
The light from the Milky Way closely matches the light from a D48.4 standard illuminant, or a light bulb with a color temperature of 4700-5000K. “It is well within the range our eye can perceive as white — roughly halfway between the light from old-style incandescent light bulbs and the standard spectrum of white on a television,” said Newman.
