These ghost-like galaxies are thought to be some of the tiniest, oldest, and most pristine galaxies in the universe. They have been discovered over the past decade by astronomers using automated computer techniques to search through the images of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. But astronomers needed NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope to help solve the mystery of these star-starved galaxies.
Hubble’s views of three of the small-fry galaxies reveal that their stars share the same birth date. The galaxies all started forming stars more than 13 billion years ago — and then abruptly stopped — all in the first billion years after the universe was born in the Big Bang.
The relic galaxies are evidence for a transitional phase in the early universe that shut down star-making factories in tiny galaxies. During this time, the first stars burned off a fog of cold hydrogen in a process called reionization.
“These galaxies are all ancient, and they’re all the same age, so you know something came down like a guillotine and turned off the star formation at the same time in these galaxies,” said Tom Brown of the Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI) in Baltimore, Maryland. “The most likely explanation is reionization.”
The reionization of the universe began in the first billion years after the Big Bang. During this epoch, radiation from the first stars knocked electrons off primeval hydrogen atoms, ionizing the cool hydrogen gas. This process allowed the hydrogen gas to become transparent to ultraviolet light.
Ironically, the same radiation that sparked universal reionization appears to have squelched star-making activities in dwarf galaxies, such as those in Brown’s study. The small irregular galaxies were born about 100 million years before reionization began and had just started to churn out stars. Roughly 2,000 light-years wide, the galaxies are the smaller cousins of the more luminous star-making dwarf galaxies near our Milky Way. Unlike their larger relatives, the puny galaxies were not massive enough to shield themselves from the harsh ultraviolet light. What little gas they had was stripped away as the flood of ultraviolet light rushed through them. Their gas supply depleted, the galaxies could not make new stars.
The discovery could help explain the so-called “missing satellite problem,” where only a few dozen dwarf galaxies have been observed around the Milky Way while computer simulations predict that thousands should exist. One possible explanation is that there has been very little or even no star formation in the smallest of these dwarf galaxies, making them difficult to detect.
The Sloan survey recently uncovered more than a dozen of these star-starved galaxies in our Milky Way’s neighborhood while scanning just a quarter of the sky. Astronomers think the rest of the sky should contain dozens more of these objects, dubbed ultra-faint dwarf galaxies. The evidence for squelched star formation in some of the smallest of these dwarfs suggests that there may be thousands more where essentially no stars formed at all.
“By measuring the star formation histories of the observed dwarfs, Hubble has confirmed earlier theoretical predictions that star formation in the smallest clumps would be shut down by reionization,” said Jason Tumlinson from the STScI.
“These are the fossils of the earliest galaxies in the universe,” Brown said. “They haven’t changed in billions of years. These galaxies are unlike most nearby galaxies, which have long star-formation histories.”
The stellar populations in these fossil galaxies range from a few hundred to a few thousand stars, both fainter and brighter than our Sun. The galaxies may be star-deprived, but they have an abundance of dark matter, the underlying scaffolding upon which galaxies are built.
Normal dwarf galaxies near the Milky Way contain 10 times more dark matter than the ordinary matter that makes up gas and stars. In ultra-faint dwarf galaxies, dark matter outweighs ordinary matter by at least a factor of 100. “The small galaxies in our study are made up mostly of dark matter because their hydrogen gas was ionized and the stars got turned off,” Brown said.
These mostly dark-matter islands coexisted unseen with our Milky Way for billions of years until astronomers began finding them in the Sloan survey.
When these galaxies were uncovered, astronomers began proposing many reasons for their shortage of stars. Some believed that internal dynamics, such as a supernova blast, blew out the gas needed to create more stars. Others suggested that the galaxies simply used up what little gas they had. And a few thought that the galaxies were born during the early universe and reionization had turned off their star formation.
Then, ground-based observations of two of the newly discovered galaxies revealed tantalizing evidence that the stars were indeed ancient. So Brown decided to use Hubble’s Advanced Camera for Surveys to look deep inside six of the galaxies to study the population of stars and determine when they were born. So far, Brown and his team have finished analyzing the Hubble data of three of the galaxies, named Hercules, Leo IV, and Ursa Major. The galaxies’ distance from Earth ranges from 330,000 light-years to 490,000 light-years.
“Astronomers have said before that certain galaxies should be ancient, and then someone studies them hard enough and finds younger stars,” Brown said. “Some of us expected to uncover younger stars and prove that the galaxies are not relics from the early universe. We were surprised to find that all the stars were ancient.”
Brown measured the stars’ ages by analyzing their brightness and colors. For reference, Brown compared the galaxies’ stars with the stars in the ancient globular cluster M92, located 26,000 light-years away. M92 is more than 13 billion years old, one of the oldest objects in the universe. The analysis revealed that the galaxies’ stars are as old as those in M92.
“The stars in the ultra-faint dwarf galaxies are very sparse,” Brown said. “This is one reason why no one went after them with Hubble. However, we thought they were good targets for Hubble, given Hubble’s ability to measure precise ages. You look at the Hubble images, and there are almost no stars, but the ones we have are enough to give us the ages of these galaxies.”
