In 2012, Fusa Miyake from Nagoya University in Japan announced the detection of high levels of the isotope carbon-14 and beryllium-10 in tree rings formed in A.D. 775, suggesting that a burst of radiation struck Earth in the year 774 or 775. Carbon-14 and beryllium-10 form when radiation from space collides with nitrogen atoms, which then decay to these heavier forms of carbon and beryllium. The earlier research ruled out the nearby explosion of a massive star — a supernova — as nothing was recorded in observations at the time and no remnant has been found.
Miyake also considered whether a solar flare could have been responsible, but these are not powerful enough to cause the observed excess of carbon-14. Large flares are likely to be accompanied by ejections of material from the Sun’s corona, leading to vivid displays of the northern and southern lights — aurorae — but again no historical records suggest these took place.
Following this announcement, researchers pointed to an entry in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle that describes a “red crucifix” seen after sunset and suggested this might be a supernova. But this dates from 776, too late to account for the carbon-14 data and still does not explain why no remnant has been detected.
Hambaryan and Neuhauser have another explanation, consistent with both the carbon-14 measurements and the absence of any recorded events in the sky. They suggest that two compact stellar remnants — i.e., black holes, neutron stars, or white dwarfs — collided and merged together. When this happens, some energy is released in the form of gamma rays, the most energetic part of the electromagnetic spectrum that includes visible light.
In these mergers, the burst of gamma rays is intense but short, typically lasting less than two seconds. These events are seen in other galaxies many times each year but, in contrast to long-duration bursts, without any corresponding visible light. If this is the explanation for the 774/775-radiation burst, then the merging stars could not be closer than about 3,000 light-years, or the event would have led to the extinction of some terrestrial life. Based on the carbon-14 measurements, Hambaryan and Neuhauser believe the gamma-ray burst originated in a system between 3,000 and 12,000 light-years from the Sun.
If they are right, then this would explain why no records exist of a supernova or auroral display. Other work suggests that some visible light is emitted during short gamma-ray bursts that could be seen in a relatively nearby event. This might only be seen for a few days and be easily missed, but, nonetheless, it may be worthwhile for historians to look again through contemporary texts.
Astronomers also could look for the merged object, a 1,200-year-old black hole or neutron star 3,000 to 12,000 light-years from the Sun but without the characteristic gas and dust of a supernova remnant.
“If the gamma-ray burst had been much closer to the Earth, it would have caused significant harm to the biosphere,” said Neuhauser. “But even thousands of light-years away, a similar event today could cause havoc with the sensitive electronic systems that advanced societies have come to depend on. The challenge now is to establish how rare such carbon-14 spikes are, i.e., how often such radiation bursts hit the Earth. In the last 3,000 years, the maximum age of trees alive today, only one such event appears to have taken place.”
