In the image at left, the galaxy in the center produced the gamma-ray burst. Hubble observed the galaxy June 13, 2013, and saw a near-infrared glow at the site of the burst, shown in the top righthand image. When Hubble observed the location again July 3, the source had faded, as shown in the lower righthand image. The dimming source is a decaying fireball of a new type of stellar blast called a kilonova. // NASA/ESA/N. Tanvir (University of Leicester)
NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope recently provided the strongest evidence yet that short-duration gamma-ray bursts are produced when two small, super-dense stellar objects merge.
The evidence is in the detection of a new kind of stellar blast called a kilonova, which results from the energy released when a pair of compact objects crash together. Hubble observed the fading fireball from a kilonova last month, following a short gamma-ray burst (GRB) in a galaxy almost 4 billion light-years from Earth. A kilonova had been predicted to accompany a short-duration GRB, but had not been seen before.
“This observation finally solves the mystery of the origin of short gamma-ray bursts,” said Nial Tanvir of the University of Leicester in the United Kingdom. Tanvir led a team of researchers using Hubble to study the recent short-duration GRB. “Many astronomers, including our group, have already provided a great deal of evidence that long-duration gamma-ray bursts (those lasting more than two seconds) are produced by the collapse of extremely massive stars. But we only had weak circumstantial evidence that short bursts were produced by the merger of compact objects. This result now appears to provide definitive proof supporting that scenario.”
The team’s results appeared August 3 in a special online edition of the journal Nature.
A kilonova is about 1,000 times brighter than a nova, which results from the eruption of a white dwarf. Gamma-ray bursts are mysterious flashes of intense high-energy radiation that appear from random directions in space. Short-duration blasts last at most a few seconds, but they sometimes produce faint afterglows in visible and near-infrared light that continue for several hours or days. The afterglows have helped astronomers determine that GRBs lie in distant galaxies.
Astrophysicists have predicted that when a pair of super-dense neutron stars in a binary system spiral together, they produce short-duration GRBs. The system also emits gravitational radiation, creating tiny waves in the fabric of space-time. The dissipated energy causes the two stars to sweep closer together. In the final milliseconds before the explosion, the two stars merge into a death spiral that kicks out highly radioactive material. This material heats up and expands, emitting a burst of light.
In a recent science paper, Jennifer Barnes and Daniel Kasen of the University of California at Berkeley presented new calculations predicting how kilonovas should look. Their calculations showed that the same hot plasma producing the radiation also will block the visible light, causing the gusher of energy from the kilonova to flood out in near-infrared light over several days.
An unexpected opportunity to test this model came June 3 when NASA’ s Swift space telescope picked up the extremely bright gamma-ray burst cataloged as GRB 130603B. Although the initial blast of gamma rays lasted just one-tenth of a second, it was roughly 100 billion times brighter than the subsequent kilonova flash.
From June 12-13, Hubble searched the location of the initial burst, spotting a faint red object. An independent analysis of the data from another research team confirmed the detection. Subsequent Hubble observations on July 3 revealed the source had faded away, therefore providing the key evidence the infrared glow was from an explosion accompanying the merger of two objects.
