“These just stuck out like a sore thumb because they are far brighter than we anticipated,” said Garth Illingworth of the University of California, Santa Cruz (UCSC). “There are strange things happening regardless of what these sources are. We’re suddenly seeing luminous, massive galaxies quickly build up at such an early time. This was quite unexpected.”
The tiny galaxies are bursting with star formation activity, which accounts for their brilliance. The brightest one is forming stars approximately 50 times faster than the Milky Way does today. Although these fledgling galaxies are only one-twentieth the size of the Milky Way, they probably contain around a billion stars crammed together.
The astronomers were puzzled to find the four galaxies appearing in one of the two Great Observatories’ deep survey fields, more than has been found in the other previously studied field that is in the opposite direction on the sky. “It was amazing to find four very luminous galaxies in one area in the early universe,” said Rychard Bouwens at Leiden University in the Netherlands. “They would have needed to grow very fast.”
The galaxies were first detected with Hubble, whose sharp images are crucial to finding such distant galaxies and enabled the astronomers to measure their star formation rates and sizes. Using Spitzer, the astronomers were able to estimate the stellar masses by measuring the total stellar luminosity of the galaxies. “This is the first time scientists were able to measure an object’s mass at such a huge distance,” said Pascal Oesch from UCSC. “It’s a fabulous demonstration of the synergy between Hubble and Spitzer.”
“At the same time, the extreme masses and star formation rates are really mysterious, and we are eager to confirm them with future observations on our powerful telescopes,” said Ivo Labbé from Leiden University.
Scientists think these bright young galaxies grew from interactions and mergers of smaller infant galaxies that started forming stars even earlier in the universe. Since the ancient time billions of years ago when the light that we now see started its long journey to us, they have probably kept growing to become similar to the largest modern galaxies. Many of the stars of these infant galaxies likely live on today in the centers of giant elliptical galaxies, much larger even than our Milky Way.
This result is very encouraging for NASA’s upcoming James Webb Space Telescope. It tells scientists that as they look back to even earlier times, they should find lots of young growing galaxies that can be studied in detail with the Webb telescope. If galaxies like this existed a few hundred million years after the Big Bang, the Webb telescope should be able to see them easily.
