When a massive star collapses under its own gravity during a supernova explosion, it forms either a neutron star or black hole. Magnetars are an unusual and exotic form of neutron star. Like all of these strange objects, they are tiny and extraordinarily dense — a teaspoon of neutron star material would have a mass of about a billion tons — but they also have extremely powerful magnetic fields. Magnetar surfaces release vast quantities of gamma rays when they undergo a sudden adjustment known as a starquake as a result of the huge stresses in their crusts.
The Westerlund 1 star cluster, located 16,000 light-years away in the southern constellation Ara the Altar, hosts one of the two dozen magnetars known in the Milky Way. It is called CXOU J164710.2-455216, and it has greatly puzzled astronomers.
“In our earlier work, we showed that the magnetar in the cluster Westerlund 1 must have been born in the explosive death of a star about 40 times as massive as the Sun,” said Simon Clark from The Open University in Milton Keynes, United Kingdom. “But this presents its own problem, since stars this massive are expected to collapse to form black holes after their deaths, not neutron stars. We did not understand how it could have become a magnetar.”
Astronomers proposed a solution to this mystery. They suggested that the magnetar formed through the interactions of two very massive stars orbiting one another in a binary system so compact that it would fit within the orbit of the Earth around the Sun. But, up to now, no companion star was detected at the location of the magnetar in Westerlund 1, so astronomers used the VLT to search for it in other parts of the cluster. They hunted for runaway stars — objects escaping the cluster at high velocities — that might have been kicked out of orbit by the supernova explosion that formed the magnetar. One star, known as Westerlund 1-5, was found to be doing just that.
“Not only does this star have the high velocity expected if it is recoiling from a supernova explosion, but the combination of its low mass, high luminosity, and carbon-rich composition appear impossible to replicate in a single star — a smoking gun that shows it must have originally formed with a binary companion,” said Ben Ritchie from The Open University.
This discovery allowed the astronomers to reconstruct the stellar life story that permitted the magnetar to form in place of the expected black hole. In the first stage of this process, the more massive star of the pair begins to run out of fuel, transferring its outer layers to its less massive companion, which is destined to become the magnetar, causing it to rotate more and more quickly. This rapid rotation appears to be the essential ingredient in the formation of the magnetar’s ultra-strong magnetic field.
In the second stage, as a result of this mass transfer, the companion becomes so massive that it in turn sheds a large amount of its recently gained mass. Much of this mass is lost, but some is passed back to the original star that we still see shining today as Westerlund 1-5.
“It is this process of swapping material that has imparted the unique chemical signature to Westerlund 1-5 and allowed the mass of its companion to shrink to low enough levels that a magnetar was born instead of a black hole — a game of stellar pass-the-parcel with cosmic consequences!” said team member Francisco Najarro of the Astrobiology Center in Spain.
It seems that being a component of a double star may therefore be an essential ingredient in the recipe for forming a magnetar. The rapid rotation created by mass transfer between the two stars appears necessary to generate the ultra-strong magnetic field, and then a second mass transfer phase allows the magnetar-to-be to slim down sufficiently so that it does not collapse into a black hole at the moment of its death.
