Treasures of Sagittarius

The gentle glow of the Milky Way wafts across the midsummer sky. If we follow it southward toward the horizon, we come to the constellation Sagittarius and the center of our galaxy.

Myriad binocular targets lie in this quarter of the sky. Let’s take a look at a few of my favorites.

We begin at M8, the Lagoon Nebula. You’ll find it 6° north of Gamma (γ) Sagittarii at the tip of the Sagittarius Teapot’s spout; just follow the “steam.” In fact, with dark skies you will probably be able to see it without any optical aid as a soft fuzz of starlight adrift in the Milky Way.

Binoculars reveal this soft fuzz to be an expansive emission nebula. Here, hydrogen is being ionized by energy from stars that are embedded within. As powerful radiation bombards the hydrogen atoms, the orbiting electron is ripped away, only to mate with an orphaned proton to reform a hydrogen atom. This back-and-forth process of ionization causes the cloud to glow in much the same way as the neon gas in signs glow.

In photographs, ionized hydrogen displays a vibrant red. But our eyes, which are nearly colorblind in dim light, see only varying shades of gray.

Close examination through binoculars reveals great intricacies in the Lagoon’s form. The namesake “lagoon” is an opaque cloud of dust that cuts a swath across the brighter background. It runs nearly north-south. While the lagoon itself may prove elusive, it serves as a dividing line. The western portion of M8 appears brighter than the eastern.

The eastern half contains many stars bright enough to crack the binocular barrier. Most were spawned from M8 and collectively form open cluster NGC 6530. Those same stars generate strong stellar winds that create funnel-shaped clouds resembling tornadoes here on Earth. Images from the Hubble Space Tele­scope show these interstellar twisters in amazing detail.

Many patches of dark nebulosity float silhouetted in front of the Lagoon’s bright clouds. For instance, take a look toward the northeastern corner of M8 for a small dark cloud shaped like a comet, oriented north-to-south. That’s Barnard 88, the 88th entry in Edward Emerson Barnard’s 1919 catalog of dark nebulae. B88 appears so small that it may be easily overlooked through 7x to 10x binoculars. Higher magnifications and larger apertures, however, go a long way to making its presence known.

M8 lies just over a degree south of another well-known Messier target, M20, the Trifid Nebula. Photographs show a pansy-shaped cloud of red emission and blue reflection nebulae interlaced with ribbons of opaque dust.

Many observers, however, are surprised by how difficult it is to see the Trifid through binoculars. Like M8, M20 is a combination of an open star cluster surrounded by faint tendrils of nebulosity. The open cluster portion of M20, cataloged separately as NGC 6514, is a tight collection of 70 stars spanning half a degree. It’s the collective glow of these stars that many misinterpret as the Trifid Nebula. In reality, they are really only seeing the Trifid Cluster. Again, from dark skies you’ll be able to see both.

I have never spotted the intertwining lanes of dark nebulosity that give rise to the “Trifid” nickname through my 10x50 binoculars. They are, however, fairly evident through my 16x70s. What is the smallest binocular that will show them? I would be interested in hearing your results.

Open cluster M21 is just half a degree northeast of M20. Its 70 stars are packed into an area spanning less than a quarter of a degree, so things are tight. Most shine below binocular threshold, although a few individual points of light shine through the soft glow formed from the rest.

I’d love to hear about your binocular conquests. Email me at binophil@outlook.com.

The area around M8, M20, and M21 is lovely for just idly stargazing on a warm August night. I hope you’ll get out and enjoy all there is to see here the next opportunity you get. And as you do, remember that two eyes are better than one.