“Massive stars sweep up and destroy their natal clouds, but they continuously spark new stars to form along the way,” said Dave Leisawitz from NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland. “Occasionally a new, massive star forms, perpetuating the sequence of events and giving rise to the dazzling fireworks display seen in this WISE mosaic.”
The WISE space telescope mapped the entire sky two times in infrared light, completing its survey in February 2011. Astronomers studying how stars form took advantage of WISE’s all-encompassing view by studying several star-forming clouds, or nebulae, including 10 pictured in this new view.
The observations provide new evidence for a process called triggered star formation in which the winds and sizzling radiation from massive stars compress gas and dust, inducing a second generation of stars. The same winds and radiation carve out the cavities, or bubbles, seen throughout the image.
Finding evidence for triggered star formation has proved more difficult than some might think. Astronomers are not able to watch the stars grow and evolve like biologists watching zebras in the wild. Instead, they piece together a history of star formation by looking at distinct stages in the process. It’s the equivalent of observing only baby, middle-aged, and elderly zebras with crude indicators of their ages. WISE is helping fill in these gaps by providing more and more “specimens” for study.
“Each region we looked at gave us a single snapshot of star formation in progress,” said Xavier Koenig from Goddard. “But when we look at a whole collection of regions, we can piece together the chain of events.”
After looking at several of the star-forming nebulae, Koenig and his colleagues noticed a pattern in the spatial arrangement of newborn stars. Some were found lining the blown-out cavities, a phenomenon that had been seen before, but other new stars were seen sprinkled throughout the cavity interiors. The results suggest that stars are born in a successive fashion, one after the other, starting from a core cluster of massive stars and moving steadily outward. This lends support to the triggered star formation theory and offers new clues about the physics of the process.
The astronomers also found evidence that the bubbles seen in the star-forming clouds can spawn new bubbles. In this scenario, a massive star blasts away surrounding material, eventually triggering the birth of another star massive enough to carve out its own bubble. A few examples of what may be first- and second-generation bubbles can be seen in the new WISE image.
“I can almost hear the stars pop and crackle,” said Leisawitz.
The complete WISE catalog will be released to the public astronomy community in the spring of 2012.
