Planets, stars, gas, and dust are almost entirely made up of the “normal” matter we are familiar with on Earth. But theory predicts that there should be a similar amount of antimatter, like normal matter, but with the opposite charge. For example, an antielectron, or positron, has the same mass as its conventional counterpart, but a positive rather than negative charge.
In 2001, Vachaspati published theoretical models to try to solve this puzzle, which predict that the entire universe is filled with helical (screw-like) magnetic fields. He and his team were inspired to search for evidence of these fields in data from the NASA Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope.
Fermi, launched in 2008, observes gamma rays — electromagnetic radiation with a shorter wavelength than X-rays — from distant sources, such as the supermassive black holes found in many large galaxies. The gamma rays are sensitive to the magnetic field they travel through on their long journey to Earth. If the field is helical, it will imprint a spiral pattern on the distribution of gamma rays.
Vachaspati and his team see exactly this effect in the Fermi data, allowing them to not only detect the magnetic field but to measure its properties. The data show not only a helical field, but that there is an excess of left-handedness — a fundamental discovery that for the first time suggests the precise mechanism that led to the absence of antimatter.
For example, mechanisms that occur nanoseconds after the Big Bang, when the Higgs field gave masses to all known particles, predict left-handed fields, while mechanisms based on interactions that occur even earlier predict right-handed fields.
“Both the planet we live on and the star we orbit are made up of ‘normal’ matter, and though it features in many science-fiction stories, antimatter seems to be incredibly rare in nature,” said Vachaspati. “With this new result, we have one of the first hints that we might be able to solve this mystery.”
This discovery has wide ramifications, as a cosmological magnetic field could play an important role in the formation of the first stars and could seed the stronger field seen in galaxies and clusters of galaxies in the present day.
