Using a combination of instruments on the European Southern Observatory’s (ESO) Very Large Telescope (VLT), a team of astronomers has discovered the most massive stars to date. One star at birth had more than 300 times the mass of the Sun, twice as much as the currently accepted limit. The existence of these monsters — millions of times more luminous than the Sun, losing mass through very powerful winds — may provide an answer to the question, “How massive can stars be?”
A team of astronomers led by Paul Crowther from University of Sheffield, United Kingdom, used ESO’s VLT, as well as archival data from the NASA/European Space Agency’s (ESA) Hubble Space Telescope, to study two young clusters of stars, NGC 3603 and RMC 136a. NGC 3603 is a cosmic factory where stars form frantically from the nebula’s extended clouds of gas and dust, located 22,000 light-years from the Sun. RMC 136a (nicknamed R136) is another cluster of young, massive, and hot stars, located inside the Tarantula Nebula, in one of our neighboring galaxies, the Large Magellanic Cloud, 165,000 light-years away.
The team found several stars with surface temperatures more than 7 times hotter than our Sun, tens of times larger, and several million times brighter. Comparisons with models imply that several of these stars were born with masses in excess of 150 solar masses. The star R136a1, found in the R136 cluster, is the most massive star ever found with a current mass of about 265 solar masses and a birth mass of as much as 320 times that of the Sun.
In NGC 3603, the astronomers could also directly measure the masses of two stars that belong to a double star system. The stars A1, B, and C in this cluster have estimated masses at birth above or close to 150 solar masses. The star A1 is a double star with an orbital period of 3.77 days. The two stars in the system have, respectively, 120 and 92 times the mass of the Sun, which means that they formed as stars of 148 and 106 solar masses, respectively.
Massive stars have such high luminosities with respect to their mass that they produce powerful outflows. “Unlike humans, these stars are born heavy and lose weight as they age,” said Crowther. “Being a little over a million years old, the most extreme star, R136a1, is already ‘middle-aged’ and has undergone an intense weight-loss program, shedding a fifth of its initial mass over that time, or more than 50 solar masses.”
If R136a1 replaced the Sun in our solar system, it would outshine the Sun by as much as the Sun currently outshines the Full Moon. “Its high mass would reduce the length of Earth’s year to 3 weeks, and it would bathe the Earth in incredibly intense ultraviolet radiation, rendering life on our planet impossible,” said Raphael Hirschi from Keele University, Staffordshire, United Kingdom.
These heavyweight stars are extremely rare, forming solely within the densest star clusters. To distinguish the individual stars for the first time required the exquisite resolving power of the VLT.
The team also estimated the maximum possible mass for the stars within these clusters and the relative number of the most massive ones. “The smallest stars are limited to more than about 80 times more than Jupiter, below which they are ‘failed stars’ or brown dwarfs,” said team member Olivier Schnurr from the Astrophysikalisches Institut Potsdam, Germany. “Our new finding supports the previous view that there is also an upper limit to how big stars can get, but it raises the limit by a factor of two to about 300 solar masses.”
Within R136, only four stars weighed more than 150 solar masses at birth, yet they account for nearly half of the wind and radiation power of the entire cluster, comprising approximately 100,000 stars in total. R136a1 alone energizes its surroundings by more than a factor of 50 compared to the Orion Nebula cluster.
An observer on a (hypothetical) planet in the R136 cluster would have a dramatic view. The density of stars in the cluster is about 100,000 times higher than around our Sun. Many of these stars are incredibly bright, so the planet’s sky would never get dark.
Understanding how high-mass stars form is puzzling enough due to their short lives and powerful winds, so the identification of such extreme cases as R136a1 raises the challenge to theorists still further. “Either they were born so big or smaller stars merged together to produce them,” said Crowther.
Stars between about 8 and 150 solar masses explode at the end of their short lives as supernovae, leaving behind exotic remnants of either a neutron star or a black hole. Having established the existence of stars between 150 and 300 solar masses, the astronomers’ findings raise the prospect of the existence of exceptionally bright, “pair instability supernovae” that completely blow themselves apart, failing to leave behind any remnant and dispersing up to 10 solar masses of iron into their surroundings. A few candidates for such explosions have already been proposed in recent years.
Not only is R136a1 the most massive star ever found, but also it has the highest luminosity too, close to 10 million times greater than the Sun. “Owing to the rarity of these monsters, I think it is unlikely that this new record will be broken any time soon,” said Crowther.
