The Rutgers scientists and collaborators from the Pontifical Catholic University of Chile (PUC) describe their visual telescope observations of these galaxy clusters, which were essential to verify the cosmic shadow sightings. Both observations will help scientists better understand how the universe was born and continues to evolve.
The research began in 2008 with a new radio telescope in the Atacama Desert of Chile — one of the driest places on Earth. The Atacama Cosmology Telescope (ACT) collects millimeter-length radio waves that reveal images of the otherwise invisible cosmic background radiation. Millimeter waves are easily blocked by water vapor, hence the telescope’s home high in the Andes Mountains of northern Chile, where there is barely any atmospheric moisture.
“The groundbreaking observations at Atacama, led by Lyman Page of Princeton University, surveyed large areas of the sky to reveal shadows that pointed astronomers to these previously unseen massive galaxy clusters,” said Felipe Menanteau, from Rutgers in New Brunswick, New Jersey.
Rashid Sunyaev and Yakov Zel’dovich predicted the shadow phenomenon 40 years ago, now known as the Sunyaev-Zel’dovich effect, or S-Z effect. Shortly thereafter, astronomers verified it by observing shadows cast by previously known galaxy clusters. The higher sensitivity and resolution of ACT now makes it practical for astronomers to essentially reverse the procedure — to search the cosmic background radiation for shadows that indicate the presence of unseen clusters.
“The ‘shadows’ that ACT revealed are not shadows in the traditional sense, as they are not caused by the galaxy clusters blocking light from another source,” said Jack Hughes from Rutgers. “Rather, the hot gases within the galaxy clusters cause a tiny fraction of the cosmic background radiation to shift to higher energies, which then makes them appear as shadows in one of ACT’s observing bands.”
Hughes and Menanteau worked with Chilean professors Leopoldo Infante and Felipe Barrientos to collect optical images of dozens of candidates, which led to the discovery of 10 entirely new massive galaxy clusters. The Rutgers and PUC team worked on two optical telescopes in Chile over the course of 7 nights during October and December 2009.
“We knew the experiment was working when we could see the giant clusters clearly, even in the raw images as they came through the telescope,” said Menanteau.
“The technical challenges involved in exploiting the S-Z technique are daunting, and it is fantastic to see this method working so well,” said Priyamvada Natarajan from Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut. “It will build our inventory of the most massive and distant clusters in the universe, which will provide important constraints on the currently accepted cosmological model.”
The Rutgers scientists and collaborators from the Pontifical Catholic University of Chile (PUC) describe their visual telescope observations of these galaxy clusters, which were essential to verify the cosmic shadow sightings. Both observations will help scientists better understand how the universe was born and continues to evolve.
The research began in 2008 with a new radio telescope in the Atacama Desert of Chile — one of the driest places on Earth. The Atacama Cosmology Telescope (ACT) collects millimeter-length radio waves that reveal images of the otherwise invisible cosmic background radiation. Millimeter waves are easily blocked by water vapor, hence the telescope’s home high in the Andes Mountains of northern Chile, where there is barely any atmospheric moisture.
“The groundbreaking observations at Atacama, led by Lyman Page of Princeton University, surveyed large areas of the sky to reveal shadows that pointed astronomers to these previously unseen massive galaxy clusters,” said Felipe Menanteau, from Rutgers in New Brunswick, New Jersey.
Rashid Sunyaev and Yakov Zel’dovich predicted the shadow phenomenon 40 years ago, now known as the Sunyaev-Zel’dovich effect, or S-Z effect. Shortly thereafter, astronomers verified it by observing shadows cast by previously known galaxy clusters. The higher sensitivity and resolution of ACT now makes it practical for astronomers to essentially reverse the procedure — to search the cosmic background radiation for shadows that indicate the presence of unseen clusters.
“The ‘shadows’ that ACT revealed are not shadows in the traditional sense, as they are not caused by the galaxy clusters blocking light from another source,” said Jack Hughes from Rutgers. “Rather, the hot gases within the galaxy clusters cause a tiny fraction of the cosmic background radiation to shift to higher energies, which then makes them appear as shadows in one of ACT’s observing bands.”
Hughes and Menanteau worked with Chilean professors Leopoldo Infante and Felipe Barrientos to collect optical images of dozens of candidates, which led to the discovery of 10 entirely new massive galaxy clusters. The Rutgers and PUC team worked on two optical telescopes in Chile over the course of 7 nights during October and December 2009.
“We knew the experiment was working when we could see the giant clusters clearly, even in the raw images as they came through the telescope,” said Menanteau.
“The technical challenges involved in exploiting the S-Z technique are daunting, and it is fantastic to see this method working so well,” said Priyamvada Natarajan from Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut. “It will build our inventory of the most massive and distant clusters in the universe, which will provide important constraints on the currently accepted cosmological model.”
