The accepted model for the evolution of the universe predicts that stars began to form about 13.4 billion years ago, or around 300 million years after the Big Bang. Many of these first stars are thought to have been monsters by today’s standards, and were probably hundreds of times more massive than our Sun. Such beasts aged very quickly, exhausted their fuel, and exploded as supernovae within a million years or so. Lower-mass stars, in contrast, have much longer lives and last for billions of years.
Much of the dust and gas from stellar explosions was (and is still) recycled to form newer and newer generations of stars. For example, scientists think that our Sun is a third-generation star and has a very typical mass by today’s standards. But regardless of their mass and properties, stars are key ingredients of galaxies like our Milky Way. Unveiling the history of star formation across cosmic time is fundamental to understanding how galaxies form and evolve.
In the new study, scientists, lead by David Sobral of the University of Leiden in the Netherlands, used the UK Infrared Telescope (UKIRT), the Very Large Telescope (VLT) and the Subaru Telescope to carry out the most complete survey ever made of star-forming galaxies at different distances, with around 10 times the data of any previous effort. With the range of distances, the time taken for the light to reach us means that we see identically selected galaxies at different periods in the history of the universe, so we can really understand how conditions change over time.
By looking at the light from clouds of gas and dust in these galaxies where stars are forming, the team was able to assess the rate at which stars are being born. They found that the production of stars in the universe as a whole has been continuously declining over the past 11 billion years, being 30 times lower today than at its likely peak, 11 billion years ago.
“You might say that the universe has been suffering from a long, serious ‘crisis,'” Sobral said. “Cosmic GDP output is now only 3 percent of what it used to be at the peak in star production!”
If the measured decline continues, then no more than 5 percent more stars will form over the remaining history of the cosmos, even if we wait forever. The research suggests that we live in a universe dominated by old stars. Half of these were born in the “boom” that took place between 11 and 9 billion years ago, and it took more than five times as long to produce the rest. “The future may seem rather dark, but we’re actually quite lucky to be living in a healthy, star-forming galaxy which is going to be a strong contributor to the new stars that will form,” Sobral said. “Moreover, while these measurements provide a sharp picture of the decline of star-formation in the Universe, they also provide ideal samples to unveil an even more fundamental mystery which is yet to be solved: Why?”
The accepted model for the evolution of the universe predicts that stars began to form about 13.4 billion years ago, or around 300 million years after the Big Bang. Many of these first stars are thought to have been monsters by today’s standards, and were probably hundreds of times more massive than our Sun. Such beasts aged very quickly, exhausted their fuel, and exploded as supernovae within a million years or so. Lower-mass stars, in contrast, have much longer lives and last for billions of years.
Much of the dust and gas from stellar explosions was (and is still) recycled to form newer and newer generations of stars. For example, scientists think that our Sun is a third-generation star and has a very typical mass by today’s standards. But regardless of their mass and properties, stars are key ingredients of galaxies like our Milky Way. Unveiling the history of star formation across cosmic time is fundamental to understanding how galaxies form and evolve.
In the new study, scientists, lead by David Sobral of the University of Leiden in the Netherlands, used the UK Infrared Telescope (UKIRT), the Very Large Telescope (VLT) and the Subaru Telescope to carry out the most complete survey ever made of star-forming galaxies at different distances, with around 10 times the data of any previous effort. With the range of distances, the time taken for the light to reach us means that we see identically selected galaxies at different periods in the history of the universe, so we can really understand how conditions change over time.
By looking at the light from clouds of gas and dust in these galaxies where stars are forming, the team was able to assess the rate at which stars are being born. They found that the production of stars in the universe as a whole has been continuously declining over the past 11 billion years, being 30 times lower today than at its likely peak, 11 billion years ago.
“You might say that the universe has been suffering from a long, serious ‘crisis,'” Sobral said. “Cosmic GDP output is now only 3 percent of what it used to be at the peak in star production!”
If the measured decline continues, then no more than 5 percent more stars will form over the remaining history of the cosmos, even if we wait forever. The research suggests that we live in a universe dominated by old stars. Half of these were born in the “boom” that took place between 11 and 9 billion years ago, and it took more than five times as long to produce the rest. “The future may seem rather dark, but we’re actually quite lucky to be living in a healthy, star-forming galaxy which is going to be a strong contributor to the new stars that will form,” Sobral said. “Moreover, while these measurements provide a sharp picture of the decline of star-formation in the Universe, they also provide ideal samples to unveil an even more fundamental mystery which is yet to be solved: Why?”
