G299 was left over by a particular class of supernovae called type Ia. Astronomers think that a type Ia supernova is a thermonuclear explosion — involving the fusion of elements and release of vast amounts of energy — of a white dwarf star in a tight orbit with a companion star. If the white dwarf’s partner is a typical Sun-like star, the white dwarf can become unstable and explode as it draws material from its companion. Alternatively, if the white dwarf is in orbit with another white dwarf, the two may merge and can trigger an explosion.
Regardless of their triggering mechanism, type Ia supernovae have long been known to be uniform in their extreme brightness, usually outshining the entire galaxy where they are found. This is important because scientists use these objects as cosmic mileposts, allowing them to accurately measure the distances of galaxies billions of light-years away and determine the rate of expansion of the universe.
Traditional theoretical models of type Ia supernovae generally predict that these explosions would be symmetric, creating a near perfect sphere as they expand. These models have been supported by results showing that remnants of type Ia supernovae are more symmetric than remnants of supernovae involving the collapse of massive stars.
However, astronomers are discovering that some type Ia supernova explosions may not be as symmetric as previously thought. G299 could be an example of such an “unusual” type Ia supernova. Using a long observation from Chandra, researchers discovered the shell of debris from the exploded star is expanding differently in various directions.
In this new Chandra image, red, green, and blue represent low-, medium-, and high-energy X-rays, respectively, detected by the telescope. The medium-energy X-rays include emission from iron, and the hard-energy X-rays include emission from silicon and sulfur. The X-ray data have been combined with infrared data from the ground-based 2MASS survey that shows the stars in the field of view.
By performing a detailed analysis of the X-rays, researchers found several clear examples of asymmetry in G299. For example, the ratio between the amounts of iron and silicon in the part of the remnant just above the center is larger than in the part of the remnant just below the center. This difference can be seen in the greener color of the upper region compared to the bluer color of the lower region. Also, there is a strongly elongated portion of the remnant extending to the right. In this region, the relative amount of iron to silicon is similar to that found in the southern region of the remnant.
The patterns seen in the Chandra data suggest that a very lopsided explosion may have produced this type Ia supernova. It might also be that the remnant has been expanding into an environment where the medium it encountered was uneven. Regardless of the ultimate explanation, observations of G299 and others like it are showing astronomers just how varied such beautiful cosmic flowers can be.
