On August 4, 2013, an apparently asteroidal object, C/2013 P2 (Pan-STARRS), was discovered by the Pan-STARRS1 survey telescope (PS1) on Haleakala, Maui, Hawaii. What made this object unique is its orbit — that of a comet coming from the Oort Cloud, with an orbital period greater than 51 million years, yet no cometary activity was seen. The Oort Cloud is a spherical halo of comet nuclei in the outer solar system that extends to about 100,000 times the Earth-Sun distance, or 100,000 astronomical units.
“Objects on long-period orbits like this usually exhibit cometary tails, for example Comet ISON and Comet Hale-Bopp, so we immediately knew this object was unusual,” said team leader Karen Meech from the University of Hawaii at Manoa. “I wondered if this could be the first evidence of movement of solar system building blocks from the inner solar system to the Oort Cloud.”
Follow-up observations in September 2013 with the 8-meter Gemini North Telescope on Mauna Kea, Hawaii, hinted at faint, low-level light reflected off a dusty tail. This tail remained through the object’s closest approach to the Sun (2.8 times the Earth-Sun distance, within the outer asteroid belt) in February 2014, but the object didn’t get much brighter.
When the object was observable again in the spring, the team used the Gemini North Telescope to obtain a spectrum of the surface, which showed that it was red, completely different from comet or asteroid surfaces, and more like the surface of an ultra-red Kuiper Belt object.
“We had never seen a naked (inactive) Oort Cloud comet, but Jan Oort hypothesized their existence back in 1950 when he inferred the existence of what we now call the Oort Cloud. Oort suggested that these bodies might have a layer of ‘volatile frosting’ left over from 4.5 billion years of space radiation that disappears after their first pass through the inner solar system. Maybe we are seeing the first evidence of this,” said Olivier Hainaut of the European Southern Observatory.
The team immediately followed up this second object with the Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope (CFHT) on Mauna Kea to obtain data on the object’s colors, and to their surprise, this one has colors similar to inner solar system asteroid material.
“While the orbit of C/2014 S3 is similar to objects in the so-called Damocloid class, which are believed to be extinct comets, the surface of this object looks nothing like previously observed Damocloids. This is the first outer solar system object which matches inner asteroid belt material,” said Henry Hsieh from Academia Sinica in Taipei, Taiwan. “Damocloids typically have moderately red surfaces, but this is much more blue. These may be the first of a new class of objects,” noted Bin Yang of the European Southern Observatory in Santiago, Chile.
While the orbit of C/2014 S3 took it closer to the Sun than C/2013 P2 in mid-August 2014 — 2.0 AU, between the asteroid belt and the orbit of Mars — it also barely had a tail.
“I’ll be thrilled if this object turns out to have a surface composition similar to asteroids in the inner part of the asteroid belt. If this is the case, it will be remarkable for a body found so far out in the solar system, especially since it exhibited a tail that may be due to volatile outgassing,” said Meech. “There are several models that try to explain how the planets grew in the early solar system, and some of these predict that material formed close to the Sun could have been thrown outward into the outer solar system and Oort Cloud, where it remains today. Maybe we are finally seeing that evidence.”
