NASA’s Chandra X-ray Observatory has found a cosmic “ghost” lurking around a distant supermassive black hole. This is the first detection of such a high-energy apparition, and scientists think it is evidence of a huge eruption produced by the black hole.
This discovery presents astronomers with a valuable opportunity to observe phenomena that occurred when the universe was very young. The X-ray ghost, so-called because a diffuse X-ray source has remained after other radiation from the outburst has died away, is in the Chandra Deep Field-North, one of the deepest X-ray images ever taken. The source (HDF 130), is over 10 billion light-years away and existed at a time 3 billion years after the Big Bang, when galaxies and black holes were forming at a high rate.
“We’d seen this fuzzy object a few years ago, but we didn’t realize until now that we were seeing a ghost,” said Andy Fabian of Cambridge University in the United Kingdom. “It’s not out there to haunt us, rather it’s telling us something — in this case what was happening in this galaxy billions of year ago.”
Fabian and colleagues think the X-ray glow from HDF 130 is evidence for a powerful outburst from its central black hole in the form of jets of energetic particles traveling at almost the speed of light. When the eruption was ongoing, it produced prodigious amounts of radio and X radiation, but after several million years, the radio signal faded from view as the electrons radiated away their energy.
However, less energetic electrons can still produce X rays by interacting with the pervasive sea of photons remaining from the Big Bang — the cosmic background radiation. Collisions between these electrons and the background photons can impart enough energy to the photons to boost them into the X-ray energy band. This process produces an extended X-ray source that lasts for another 30 million years or so.
“This ghost tells us about the black hole’s eruption long after it has died,” said Scott Chapman, also of Cambridge University. “This means we don’t have to catch the black holes in the act to witness the big impact they have.”
This is the first X-ray ghost ever seen after the demise of radio-bright jets. Astronomers have observed extensive X-ray emission with a similar origin, but only from galaxies with radio emission on large scales, signifying continued eruptions. In HDF 130, only a point source is detected in radio images, coinciding with the massive elliptical galaxy seen in its optical image. This radio source indicates the presence of a growing supermassive black hole.
“This result hints that the X-ray sky should be littered with such ghosts,” said Caitlin Casey, also of Cambridge University, “especially if black hole eruptions are as common as we think they are in the early universe.”
The power contained in the black hole eruption was likely to be considerable, equivalent to about a billion supernovas. The energy is dumped into the surroundings and transports and heats the gas.
“Even after the ghost disappears, most of the energy from the black hole’s eruption remains,” said Fabian. “Because they’re so powerful, these eruptions can have profound effects lasting for billions of years.”
The details of Chandra’s data of HDF 130 helped secure its true nature. For example, in X rays, HDF 130 has a cigar-like shape that extends for some 2.2 million light-years. The linear shape of the X-ray source is consistent with the shape of radio jets and not with that of a galaxy cluster, which is expected to be circular. The energy distribution of the X rays is also consistent with the interpretation of an X-ray ghost.
