A hundred million years ago, a triple-star system was traveling through the bustling center of our Milky Way Galaxy when it made a life-changing misstep. The trio wandered too close to the galaxy’s giant black hole, which captured one of the stars and hurled the other two out of the Milky Way. The two outbound stars merged to form a super-hot blue star.
Astronomers using NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope said it is the most likely scenario for a hypervelocity star known as HE 0437-5439, one of the fastest ever detected. It is blazing across space at a speed of 1.6 million mph (2.5 million km/h), 3 times faster than our Sun’s orbital velocity in the Milky Way. Hubble observations confirm that the stellar speedster comes from the Milky Way’s core, settling some confusion over where it originally came from.
Most of the roughly 16 known hypervelocity stars, all discovered since 2005, are thought to be exiles from the heart of our galaxy. But this Hubble result is the first direct observation linking a high-flying star to a galactic center origin.
“Using Hubble, we can for the first time trace back to where the star comes from by measuring the star’s direction of motion on the sky,” said Warren Brown of the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics in Cambridge, Massachusetts. “Its motion points directly from the Milky Way center. These exiled stars are rare in the Milky Way’s population of 100 billion stars. For every 100 million stars in the galaxy lurks one hypervelocity star.”
The movements of these unbound stars could reveal the shape of the dark matter distribution surrounding our galaxy. “Studying these stars could provide more clues about the nature of some of the universe’s unseen mass, and it could help astronomers better understand how galaxies form,” said Oleg Gnedin from the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor. “Dark matter’s gravitational pull is measured by the shape of the hyperfast stars’ trajectories out of the Milky Way.”
The stellar outcast is already cruising in the Milky Way’s distant outskirts, high above the galaxy’s disk, about 200,000 light-years from the center. By comparison, the diameter of the Milky Way’s disk is approximately 100,000 light-years. Using Hubble to measure the runaway star’s direction of motion and determine the Milky Way’s core as its starting point, Brown and Gnedin’s team calculated how fast the star had to have been ejected to reach its current location.
“The star is traveling at an absurd velocity, twice as much as the star needs to escape the galaxy’s gravitational field,” said Brown. “There is no star that travels that quickly under normal circumstances — something exotic has to happen.”
There’s another twist to this story. Based on the speed and position of HE 0437-5439, the star would have to be 100 million years old to have journeyed from the Milky Way’s core. Yet its mass — 9 times that of our Sun — and blue color mean that it should have burned out after only 20 million years, far shorter than the transit time it took to get to its current location.
The most likely explanation for the star’s blue color and extreme speed is that it was part of a triple-star system that was involved in a gravitational billiard-ball game with the galaxy’s monster black hole. This concept for imparting an escape velocity on stars was first proposed in 1988. The theory predicted that the Milky Way’s black hole should eject a star about once every 100,000 years.
Brown suggests that the triple-star system contained a pair of closely orbiting stars and a third outer member also gravitationally tied to the group. The black hole pulled the outer star away from the tight binary system. The doomed star’s momentum was transferred to the stellar twosome, boosting the duo to escape velocity from the galaxy. As the pair rocketed away, they went on with normal stellar evolution. The more massive companion evolved more quickly, puffing up to become a red giant. It enveloped its partner, and the two stars spiraled together, merging into one superstar — a blue straggler.
“While the blue straggler story may seem odd, you do see them in the Milky Way, and most stars are in multiple systems,” Brown said.
This vagabond star has puzzled astronomers since its discovery in 2005 by the Hamburg/European Southern Observatory sky survey. Astronomers had proposed two possibilities to solve the age problem. The star either dipped into the Fountain of Youth by becoming a blue straggler or it was flung out of the Large Magellanic Cloud, a neighboring galaxy.
In 2008, a team of astronomers thought they had solved the mystery. They found a match between the exiled star’s chemical makeup and the characteristics of stars in the Large Magellanic Cloud. The rogue star’s position also is close to the neighboring galaxy, only 65,000 light-years away. The new Hubble result settles the debate over the star’s birthplace.
Astronomers used the sharp vision of Hubble’s Advanced Camera for Surveys to make two separate observations of the wayward star 3.5 years apart. Jay Anderson from the Space Telescope Science Institute in Baltimore, Maryland, developed a technique to measure the star’s position relative to each of 11 distant background galaxies, which form a reference frame.
Anderson then compared the star’s position in images taken in 2006 with those taken in 2009 to calculate how far the star moved against the background galaxies. The star appeared to move, but only by 0.04 of a pixel against the sky background. “Hubble
excels with this type of measurement,” Anderson said. “This
observation would be challenging to do from the ground.”
The team is trying to determine the homes of four other unbound stars, all located on the fringes of the Milky Way.
“We are targeting massive ‘B’ stars, like HE 0437-5439,” said Brown. “These stars shouldn’t live long enough to reach the distant outskirts of the Milky Way, so we shouldn’t expect to find them there. The density of stars in the outer region is much less than in the core, so we have a better chance to find these unusual objects.”
