Amino acids are used to build proteins, which are used by life to make structures like hair and nails, and to speed up or regulate chemical reactions. Amino acids come in two varieties that are mirror images of each other, like your hands. Life on Earth uses the left-handed kind exclusively. Since life based on right-handed amino acids would presumably work fine, scientists are trying to find out why Earth-based life favored left-handed amino acids.
In March 2009, researchers at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, reported the discovery of an excess of the left-handed form of the amino acid isovaline in samples of meteorites that came from carbon-rich asteroids. This suggests that perhaps left-handed life got its start in space, where conditions in asteroids favored the creation of left-handed amino acids. Meteorite impacts could have supplied this material, enriched in left-handed molecules, to Earth. The bias toward left-handedness would have been perpetuated as this material was incorporated into emerging life.
In the new research, the team reports finding excess left-handed isovaline (L-isovaline) in a wider variety of carbon-rich meteorites. “This tells us our initial discovery wasn’t a fluke; that there really was something going on in the asteroids where these meteorites came from that favors the creation of left-handed amino acids,” said Daniel Glavin from NASA Goddard.
“This research builds on over a decade of work on excesses of left-handed isovaline in carbon-rich meteorites,” said Jason Dworkin from NASA Goddard.
“Initially, John Cronin and Sandra Pizzarello of Arizona State University showed a small but significant excess of L-isovaline in two CM2 meteorites,” said Dworkin. “Last year, we showed that L-isovaline excesses appear to track with the history of hot water on the asteroid from which the meteorites came. In this work, we have studied some exceptionally rare meteorites that witnessed large amounts of water on the asteroid. We were gratified that the meteorites in this study corroborate our hypothesis.”
L-isovaline excesses in these additional water-altered type 1 meteorites — i.e., CM1 and CR1 — suggest that extra left-handed amino acids in water-altered meteorites are more common than previously thought, said Glavin. Now the question is what process creates extra left-handed amino acids. There are several options, and it will take more research to identify the specific reaction, according to the team.
“Liquid water seems to be the key,” said Glavin. “We can tell how much these asteroids were altered by liquid water by analyzing the minerals their meteorites contain. The more these asteroids were altered, the greater the excess L-isovaline we found. This indicates some process involving liquid water favors the creation of left-handed amino acids.”
Another clue comes from the total amount of isovaline found in each meteorite. “In the meteorites with the largest left-handed excess, we find about 1,000 times less isovaline than in meteorites with a small or non-detectable left-handed excess. This tells us that to get the excess, you need to use up or destroy the amino acid, so the process is a double-edged sword,” said Glavin.
Whatever it may be, the water-alteration process only amplifies small existing left-handed excess; it does not create the bias, said Glavin. Something in the pre-solar nebula — a vast cloud of gas and dust from which our solar system, and probably many others, were born — created a small initial bias toward L-isovaline and presumably many other left-handed amino acids as well.
One possibility is radiation. Space is filled with objects like massive stars, neutron stars, and black holes, just to name a few, that produce many kinds of radiation. It’s possible that the radiation encountered by our solar system in its youth made left-handed amino acids slightly more likely to be created, or right-handed amino acids a bit more likely to be destroyed, Glavin said.
It’s also possible that other young solar systems encountered different radiation that favored right-handed amino acids. If life emerged in one of these solar systems, perhaps the bias toward right-handed amino acids would be built in just as it may have been for left-handed amino acids here, Glavin said.
Amino acids are used to build proteins, which are used by life to make structures like hair and nails, and to speed up or regulate chemical reactions. Amino acids come in two varieties that are mirror images of each other, like your hands. Life on Earth uses the left-handed kind exclusively. Since life based on right-handed amino acids would presumably work fine, scientists are trying to find out why Earth-based life favored left-handed amino acids.
In March 2009, researchers at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, reported the discovery of an excess of the left-handed form of the amino acid isovaline in samples of meteorites that came from carbon-rich asteroids. This suggests that perhaps left-handed life got its start in space, where conditions in asteroids favored the creation of left-handed amino acids. Meteorite impacts could have supplied this material, enriched in left-handed molecules, to Earth. The bias toward left-handedness would have been perpetuated as this material was incorporated into emerging life.
In the new research, the team reports finding excess left-handed isovaline (L-isovaline) in a wider variety of carbon-rich meteorites. “This tells us our initial discovery wasn’t a fluke; that there really was something going on in the asteroids where these meteorites came from that favors the creation of left-handed amino acids,” said Daniel Glavin from NASA Goddard.
“This research builds on over a decade of work on excesses of left-handed isovaline in carbon-rich meteorites,” said Jason Dworkin from NASA Goddard.
“Initially, John Cronin and Sandra Pizzarello of Arizona State University showed a small but significant excess of L-isovaline in two CM2 meteorites,” said Dworkin. “Last year, we showed that L-isovaline excesses appear to track with the history of hot water on the asteroid from which the meteorites came. In this work, we have studied some exceptionally rare meteorites that witnessed large amounts of water on the asteroid. We were gratified that the meteorites in this study corroborate our hypothesis.”
L-isovaline excesses in these additional water-altered type 1 meteorites — i.e., CM1 and CR1 — suggest that extra left-handed amino acids in water-altered meteorites are more common than previously thought, said Glavin. Now the question is what process creates extra left-handed amino acids. There are several options, and it will take more research to identify the specific reaction, according to the team.
“Liquid water seems to be the key,” said Glavin. “We can tell how much these asteroids were altered by liquid water by analyzing the minerals their meteorites contain. The more these asteroids were altered, the greater the excess L-isovaline we found. This indicates some process involving liquid water favors the creation of left-handed amino acids.”
Another clue comes from the total amount of isovaline found in each meteorite. “In the meteorites with the largest left-handed excess, we find about 1,000 times less isovaline than in meteorites with a small or non-detectable left-handed excess. This tells us that to get the excess, you need to use up or destroy the amino acid, so the process is a double-edged sword,” said Glavin.
Whatever it may be, the water-alteration process only amplifies small existing left-handed excess; it does not create the bias, said Glavin. Something in the pre-solar nebula — a vast cloud of gas and dust from which our solar system, and probably many others, were born — created a small initial bias toward L-isovaline and presumably many other left-handed amino acids as well.
One possibility is radiation. Space is filled with objects like massive stars, neutron stars, and black holes, just to name a few, that produce many kinds of radiation. It’s possible that the radiation encountered by our solar system in its youth made left-handed amino acids slightly more likely to be created, or right-handed amino acids a bit more likely to be destroyed, Glavin said.
It’s also possible that other young solar systems encountered different radiation that favored right-handed amino acids. If life emerged in one of these solar systems, perhaps the bias toward right-handed amino acids would be built in just as it may have been for left-handed amino acids here, Glavin said.
