This lofty cloud, imaged by NASA’s Cassini spacecraft, was part of the winter cap of condensation over Titan’s north pole. Now, eight years after spotting this mysterious bit of atmospheric fluff, researchers have determined that it contains methane ice, which produces a much denser cloud than the ethane ice previously identified there.
“The idea that methane clouds could form this high on Titan is completely new,” said Carrie Anderson, a Cassini participating scientist at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland. “Nobody considered that possible before.”
Methane clouds were already known to exist in Titan’s troposphere, the lowest layer of the atmosphere. Like rain and snow clouds on Earth, those clouds form through a cycle of evaporation and condensation, with vapor rising from the surface, encountering cooler and cooler temperatures, and falling back down as precipitation. On Titan, however, the vapor at work is methane instead of water.
The newly identified cloud instead developed in the stratosphere, the layer above the troposphere. Earth has its own polar stratospheric clouds, which typically form above the North Pole and South Pole between 9 and 16 miles (15 and 25 kilometers) — well above cruising altitude for airplanes. These rare clouds don’t form until the temperature drops to –108° F (–78° C).
Other stratospheric clouds had been identified on Titan already, including a very thin, diffuse cloud of ethane, a chemical formed after methane breaks down. Delicate clouds made from cyanoacetylene and hydrogen cyanide, which form from reactions of methane byproducts with nitrogen molecules, also have been found there.
But methane clouds were thought unlikely in Titan’s stratosphere. Because the troposphere traps most of the moisture, stratospheric clouds require extreme cold. Even the stratosphere temperature of –333° F (–203° C), observed by Cassini just south of the equator, was not frigid enough to allow the scant methane in this region of the atmosphere to condense into ice.
What Anderson and Robert Samuelson, also from Goddard, noted is that temperatures in Titan’s lower stratosphere are not the same at all latitudes. Data from Cassini’s Composite Infrared Spectrometer and the spacecraft’s radio science instrument showed that the high-altitude temperature near the north pole was much colder than that just south of the equator.
It turns out that this temperature difference — as much as 11° F (6° C) — is more than enough to yield methane ice.
Other factors support the methane identification. Initial observations of the cloud system were consistent with small particles composed of ethane ice. Later observations revealed some regions to be clumpier and denser, suggesting that more than one ice could be present. The team confirmed that the larger particles are the right size for methane ice and that the expected amount of methane — 1.6 percent, which is enough to form ice particles — is present in the lower polar stratosphere.
The mechanism for forming these high-altitude clouds appears to be different from what happens in the troposphere. Titan has a global circulation pattern in which warm air in the summer hemisphere wells up from the surface and enters the stratosphere, slowly making its way to the winter pole. There, the air mass sinks back down, cooling as it descends, which allows the stratospheric methane clouds to form.
“Cassini has been steadily gathering evidence of this global circulation pattern, and the identification of this new methane cloud is another strong indicator that the process works the way we think it does,” said Michael Flasar from Goddard.
Like Earth’s stratospheric clouds, this methane cloud was located near the winter pole, above 65° north latitude. Anderson and Samuelson estimate that this type of cloud system — which they call subsidence-induced methane clouds (SIMCs) — could develop between 19 and 31 miles (30 and 50 kilometers) in altitude above Titan’s surface.
“Titan continues to amaze with natural processes similar to those on the Earth, yet involving materials different from our familiar water,” said Scott Edgington, Cassini deputy project scientist at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California. “As we approach southern winter solstice on Titan, we will further explore how these cloud formation processes might vary with season.”
