Cosmic precipitation is not a weather event, as we commonly associate the word — rain, sleet, or snow. Rather, it is a mechanism that allows hot gas to produce showers of cool gas clouds that fall into a galaxy. Researchers have analyzed X-rays from more than 200 galaxy clusters and believe that this gaseous precipitation is key to understanding how giant black holes affect the growth of galaxies.
“We know that precipitation can slow us down on our way to work,” said Mark Voit of Michigan State University (MSU) in East Lansing. “Now we have evidence that it can also slow down star formation in galaxies with huge black holes.”
Astronomers have long pursued the quest to understand how supermassive black holes, which can be millions or even billions of times the mass of the Sun, affect their host galaxies.
“We’ve known for quite some time that supermassive black holes influence the growth of their host galaxies, but we haven’t yet figured out all of the details,” said Megan Donahue, also of MSU. “These results get us a step closer.”
The study looked at some of the largest known galaxies lying in the middle of galaxy clusters. These galaxies are embedded in enormous atmospheres of hot gas. This hot gas should cool, and many stars should then form. However, observations show that something is hindering the star birth.
The answer appears to lie with the supermassive black holes at the centers of the large galaxies. Under specific conditions, clumps of gas can radiate away their energy and form cool clouds that mix with surrounding hot gas. Some of these clouds form stars, but others rain onto the supermassive black hole, triggering jets of energetic particles that push against the falling gas and reheat it, preventing more stars from forming. This cycle of cooling and heating creates a feedback loop that regulates the growth of the galaxies.
“We can say that a typical weather forecast for the center of a massive galaxy is this: cloudy with a chance of heat from a huge black hole,” said Greg Bryan of Columbia University in New York.
Voit and his colleagues used Chandra data to estimate how long it should take for the gas to cool at different distances from the black holes in the study. Using that information, they were able to accurately predict the “weather” around each of the black holes.
They found that the precipitation feedback loop driven by energy produced by the black hole jets prevents the showers of cold clouds from getting too strong. The Chandra data indicate the regulation of this precipitation has been going on for the last 7 billion years or more.
“Without these black holes and their jets, the central galaxies of galaxy clusters would have many more stars than they do today,” said Michael McDonald of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Cambridge.
While a rain of cool clouds appears to play a key role in regulating the growth of some galaxies, the researchers have found other galaxies where the cosmic precipitation had shut off. The intense heat in these central galaxies, possibly from colliding with another galaxy cluster, likely “dried up” the precipitation around the black hole.
Future studies will test whether this precipitation-black-hole feedback process also regulates star formation in smaller galaxies, including our Milky Way Galaxy.
