The white dwarf star in V407 Cygni, shown here in an artist’s concept, went nova in 2010. Scientists think the outburst primarily emitted gamma rays (magenta) as the blast wave plowed through the gas-rich environment near the system’s red giant star.
Observations of several stellar eruptions, called novae, by NASA’s Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope firmly establish these relatively common outbursts almost always produce gamma rays, the most energetic form of light.
“There’s a saying that one is a fluke, two is a coincidence, and three is a class, and we’re now at four novae and counting with Fermi,” said Teddy Cheung, an astrophysicist at the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory in Washington, and lead author of a paper reporting the findings in the August 1 edition of the journal Science.
A nova is a sudden, short-lived brightening of an otherwise inconspicuous star resulting from a thermonuclear explosion on the surface of a white dwarf, a compact star not much larger than Earth. Each nova explosion releases up to 100,000 times the Sun’s annual energy output. Prior to the Fermi observations, no one suspected these outbursts were capable of producing gamma rays, emission with energy levels millions of times greater than visible light and usually associated with far more powerful cosmic blasts.
Fermi’s Large Area Telescope (LAT) scored its first nova detection, dubbed V407 Cygni, in March 2010. The outburst came from a rare type of star system in which a white dwarf interacts with a red giant, a star more than a hundred times the Sun’s width. Other members of the same unusual class of stellar system have been observed “going nova” every few decades.
In 2012 and 2013, the LAT detected three so-called classical novae, which occur in more common binaries where a white dwarf and a Sun-like star orbit each other every few hours.
“We initially thought of V407 Cygni as a special case because the red giant’s atmosphere is essentially leaking into space, producing a gaseous environment that interacts with the explosion’s blast wave,” said co-author Steven Shore, a professor of astrophysics at the University of Pisa in Italy. “But this can’t explain more recent Fermi detections, because none of those systems possess red giants.”
Fermi detected the classical novae V339 Delphini in August 2013 and V1324 Scorpii in June 2012, following their discoveries in visible light. In addition, on June 22, 2012, the LAT discovered a transient gamma-ray source about 20 degrees from the Sun. More than a month later, when the Sun had moved farther away, astronomers looking in visible light discovered a fading nova from V959 Monocerotis at the same position.
Astronomers estimate that between 20 and 50 novae occur each year in our galaxy. Most go undetected, their visible light obscured by intervening dust and their gamma rays dimmed by distance. All of the gamma-ray novae found so far lie between 9,000 and 15,000 light-years from Earth, relatively nearby given the size of our galaxy.
A mova occurs because a stream of gas flowing from the companion star piles up into a layer on the white dwarf’s surface. Over time — tens of thousands of years, in the case of a classical nova, and several decades for a system like V407 Cygni — this deepening layer reaches a flash point. Its hydrogen begins to undergo nuclear fusion, triggering a runaway reaction that detonates the accumulated gas. The white dwarf itself remains intact.
One explanation for the gamma-ray emission is that the blast creates multiple shock waves that expand into space at slightly different speeds. Faster shocks could interact with slower ones, accelerating particles to near the speed of light. These particles ultimately could produce gamma rays.
“This colliding-shock process must also have been at work in V407 Cygni, but there is no clear evidence for it,” said co-author Pierre Jean, a professor of astrophysics at the Université of Toulouse in France. This is likely because gamma rays emitted through this process were overwhelmed by those produced as the shock wave interacted with the red giant and its surroundings, the scientists conclude.
NASA’s Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope is an astrophysics and particle physics partnership managed by the agency’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland. It was developed in collaboration with the U.S. Department of Energy, with contributions from academic institutions and partners in France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Sweden, and the United States.
