A comet is a clump of frozen gases mixed with dust. These “dirty snowballs” cast off gas and dust whenever they venture near the Sun. What powers this activity is frozen water transforming from solid ice to gas, a process called sublimation. Jets powered by ice sublimation release dust, which reflects sunlight and brightens the comet. Typically, a comet’s water content remains frozen until it comes within about three times Earth’s distance to the Sun, or 3 astronomical units (AU), so astronomers regard this as the solar system’s “snow line.”
“Comet Garradd was producing lots of dust and gas well before it reached the snow line, which tells us that the activity was powered by something other than water ice,” said Dennis Bodewits from the University of Maryland, College Park. “We plan to use Swift’s unique capabilities to monitor Garradd as it moves beyond the snow line, where few comets are studied.”
Comets are known to contain other frozen gases, such as carbon monoxide (CO) and dioxide (CO2), which sublimate at colder temperatures and much farther from the Sun. These are two of the leading candidates for driving cometary activity beyond the snow line, but phase transitions between different forms of water ice also may come into play.
Gordon J. Garradd at Siding Spring Observatory in Australia discovered C/2009 P1 in August 2009. Astronomers say that the comet is “dynamically new,” meaning that this is likely its first trip through the inner solar system since it arrived in the Oort Cloud, the cometary cold-storage zone located thousands of AU beyond the Sun.
Comet Garradd was closest to the Sun on December 23, 2011, and passed within 118 million miles (190 million kilometers) of Earth on March 5, 2012. The comet remains observable through small telescopes this month as it moves south though the constellations Ursa Major and Lynx.
Although Swift’s prime task is to detect and rapidly locate gamma-ray bursts in the distant universe, novel targets of opportunity allow the mission to show off its versatility. One of Swift’s instruments, the Ultraviolet/Optical Telescope (UVOT), is ideally suited for studying comets.
The instrument includes a prism-like device called a grism, which separates incoming light by its wavelength. While Swift’s UVOT cannot detect water directly, the molecule quickly breaks up into hydrogen atoms and hydroxyl (OH) molecules when exposed to ultraviolet sunlight. The UVOT detects light emitted by hydroxyl and other important molecular fragments — such as cyanide (CN), carbon monosulfide (CS), and diatomic and triatomic carbon (C2 and C3, respectively) — as well as the sunlight reflected off cometary dust.
“Tracking the comet’s water and dust production and watching its chemistry change as it moves deeper into the solar system will help us better understand how comets work and where they formed,” said Stefan Immler from NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland.
Swift last observed the comet April 1 when it was 142 million miles (229 million kilometers) away and just past the orbit of Mars. Although detailed results are not yet available, Bodewits estimates that Comet Garradd was shedding about 400 gallons of water each second — enough to fill an Olympic-sized swimming pool in under 30 minutes.
But the water given off by the comet was only about half of the dust mass it produced. Bodewits estimates that each second, Garradd was losing about 7,500 pounds (3.5 metric tons, or about twice the typical mass of a small car) in the form of dust and icy grains.
Thanks to Garradd’s brightness and the UVOT’s sensitivity and resolution, researchers can monitor the comet when it is beyond the grasp of most ground-based observatories. Plans call for observations at eight different distances from the Sun out to about 533 million miles (858 million kilometers), which the comet will reach in April 2013.
