Minerals in northern Mars craters seen by two orbiters suggest that a phase in Mars’ early history with conditions favorable to life occurred globally, not just in the south.
Southern and northern Mars differ in many ways, so the extent to which they shared ancient environments has been open to question.
In recent years, the European Space Agency’s (ESA) Mars Express orbiter and NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) have found clay minerals that are signatures of a wet environment at thousands of sites in the southern highlands of Mars where rocks on or near the surface are about 4 billion years old. Until this week, no sites with those minerals had been reported in the northern lowlands where younger volcanic activity has buried the older surface more deeply.
French and American researchers report that some large craters penetrating younger, overlying rocks in the northern lowlands expose similar mineral clues to ancient wet conditions.
“We can now say that the planet was altered on a global scale by liquid water about 4 billion years ago,” said John Carter of the University of Paris.
Other types of evidence about liquid water in later epochs on Mars tend to point to shorter durations of wet conditions or water that was more acidic or salty.
The researchers used the Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars (CRISM), an instrument on the MRO, to check 91 craters in the northern lowlands. In at least nine craters, they found clays and claylike minerals called phyllosilicates and other hydrated silicates that form in wet environments on the surface or underground.
Earlier observations with the OMEGA spectrometer on Mars Express had tentatively detected phyllosilicates in a few craters of the northern plains, but the deposits are small, and CRISM can make focused observations on smaller areas than OMEGA.
“We needed the better spatial resolution to confirm the identifications,” Carter said. “The two instruments have different strengths, so there is a great advantage to using both.” Scott Murchie of Johns Hopkins University in Laurel, Maryland, said that the findings aid interpretation of when the wet environments on ancient Mars existed relative to some other important steps in the planet’s early history.
The prevailing theory for how the northern part of the planet came to have a lower elevation than the southern highlands is that a giant object slammed obliquely into northern Mars, turning nearly half of the planet’s surface into the solar system’s largest impact crater. The new findings suggest that the formation of water-related minerals, and at least part of the wet period that may have been most favorable to life, occurred between that early giant impact and the later time when younger sediments formed an overlying mantle.
“That large impact would have eliminated any evidence for the surface environment in the north that preceded the impact,” Murchie said. “It must have happened well before the end of the wet period.”
