A team of researchers used almost 200 images of distant galaxies, whose light has been bent and magnified by this huge cluster, combined with the depth of Hubble data to measure the total mass of this cluster more precisely than ever before.
Measuring the amount and distribution of mass within distant objects in the universe can be very difficult. A trick often used by astronomers is to explore the contents of large clusters of galaxies by studying the gravitational effects they have on the light from distant objects beyond them. This is one of the main goals of Hubble’s Frontier Fields, an ambitious observing program scanning six different galaxy clusters, including MCS J0416.1-2403, the cluster shown in this stunning new image.
Large clumps of mass in the universe warp and distort the space-time around them. Acting like lenses, they appear to magnify and bend light that travels through them from more distant objects.
Despite their large masses, the effect of galaxy clusters on their surroundings is usually quite minimal. For the most part, they cause what is known as weak lensing, making even more distant sources appear as only slightly more elliptical or smeared across the sky. However, when the cluster is large and dense enough and the alignment of cluster and distant object is just right, the effects can be more dramatic. The images of normal galaxies can be transformed into rings and sweeping arcs of light, even appearing several times within the same image. This effect is known as strong lensing, and it is this phenomenon, seen around the six galaxy clusters targeted by the Frontier Fields program, that has been used to map the mass distribution of MCS J0416.1-2403 using the new Hubble data.
“The depth of the data lets us see very faint objects and has allowed us to identify more strongly lensed galaxies than ever before,” said Mathilde Jauzac of Durham University in the United Kingdom. “Even though strong lensing magnifies the background galaxies, they are still very far away and very faint. The depth of these data means that we can identify incredibly distant background galaxies. We now know of more than four times as many strongly lensed galaxies in the cluster than we did before.”
Using Hubble’s Advanced Camera for Surveys, the astronomers identified 51 new multiply imaged galaxies around the cluster, quadrupling the number found in previous surveys and bringing the grand total of lensed galaxies to 68. Because these galaxies are seen several times, this equates to almost 200 individual strongly lensed images that can be seen across the frame. This effect has allowed Jauzac and her colleagues to calculate the distribution of visible and dark matter in the cluster and produce a highly constrained map of its mass.
The varying intensity of blue haze in this image is a mass map created by using new Hubble observations combined with the magnifying power of a process known as gravitational lensing.
Strong lensing gives a much more precise indication of the mass at the cluster’s core while weak lensing provides valuable information about the mass surrounding the cluster core.
By studying 57 of the most reliably and clearly lensed galaxies, the astronomers modeled the mass of both normal and dark matter within MCS J0416.1-2403. “Our map is twice as good as any previous models of this cluster!” said Jauzac.
The total mass within MCS J0416.1-2403 — modeled to be over 650,000 light-years across — was found to be 160 trillion times the mass of the Sun. This measurement is several times more precise than any other cluster map and is the most precise ever produced. By precisely pinpointing where the mass resides within clusters like this one, the astronomers are also measuring the warping of space-time with high precision.
“Frontier Fields’ observations and gravitational-lensing techniques have opened up a way to very precisely characterize distant objects — in this case, a cluster so far away that its light has taken 4.5 billion years to reach us,” said Kneib. “But, we will not stop here. To get a full picture of the mass, we need to include weak lensing measurements too. Whilst it can only give a rough estimate of the inner core mass of a cluster, weak lensing provides valuable information about the mass surrounding the cluster core.”
The team will continue to study the cluster using ultra-deep Hubble imaging and detailed strong and weak lensing information to map the outer regions of the cluster as well as its inner core and will thus be able to detect substructures in the cluster’s surroundings. They also will take advantage of X-ray measurements of hot gas and spectroscopic redshifts to map the contents of the cluster, evaluating the respective contribution of dark matter, gas, and stars.
Combining these sources of data will further enhance the detail of this mass distribution map, showing it in 3-D and including the relative velocities of the galaxies within it. This paves the way to understanding the history and evolution of this galaxy cluster.
