A vast ocean likely covered one-third of the surface of Mars some 3.5 billion years ago, according to a new study conducted by scientists at the University of Colorado in Boulder (CU-Boulder).
The CU-Boulder study is the first to combine the analysis of water-related features, including scores of delta deposits and thousands of river valleys, to test for the occurrence of an ocean sustained by a global hydrosphere on early Mars. While the notion of a large, ancient ocean on Mars has been repeatedly proposed and challenged over the past 2 decades, the new study provides further support for the idea of a sustained sea on the Red Planet during the Noachian era more than 3 billion years ago, said Gaetano Di Achille at CU-Boulder.
More than half of the 52 river delta deposits identified by the CU researchers in the new study — each of which was fed by numerous river valleys — likely marked the boundaries of the proposed ocean, since all were at about the same elevation. Twenty-nine of the 52 deltas were connected either to the ancient Mars ocean or to the groundwater table of the ocean and to several large, adjacent lakes, said Di Achille.
The study is the first to integrate multiple data sets of deltas, valley networks, and topography from a cadre of NASA and European Space Agency orbiting missions of Mars dating back to 2001, said Brian Hynek at CU-Boulder. The study implies that ancient Mars probably had an earthlike global hydrological cycle, including precipitation, runoff, cloud formation, and ice and groundwater accumulation, Hynek said.
Di Achille and Hynek used a geographic information system to map the martian terrain and conclude the ocean likely would have covered about 36 percent of the planet and contained about 30 million cubic miles (124 million cubic kilometers) of water. The amount of water in the ancient ocean would have formed the equivalent of a 1,800-foot-deep (550 meters) layer of water spread out over the entire planet.
The volume of the ancient Mars ocean would have been about 10 times less than the current volume of Earth’s oceans, Hynek said. Mars is slightly more than half the size of Earth.
The average elevation of the deltas on the edges of the proposed ocean was remarkably consistent around the whole planet, said Di Achille. In addition, the large, ancient lakes upslope from the ancient Mars ocean likely formed inside impact craters and would have been filled by the transport of groundwater between the lakes and the ancient sea, according to the researchers.
A second study headed by Hynek detected roughly 40,000 river valleys on Mars. That is about 4 times the number of river valleys than have previously been identified by scientists, said Hynek.
The river valleys were the source of the sediment that was carried downstream and dumped into the deltas adjacent to the proposed ocean, said Hynek. “The abundance of these river valleys required a significant amount of precipitation,” Hynek said. “This effectively puts a nail in the coffin regarding the presence of past rainfall on Mars.” He said an ocean was likely required for the sustained precipitation.
“Collectively, these results support the existing theories regarding the extent and formation time of an ancient ocean on Mars and imply the surface conditions during the time probably allowed the occurrence of a global and active hydrosphere integrating valley networks, deltas, and a vast ocean as major components of an earthlike hydrologic cycle,” Di Achille and Hynek said.
“One of the main questions we would like to answer is where all of the water on Mars went,” said Di Achille. He said future Mars missions, including NASA’s $485 million Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution mission, which is being led by CU-Boulder and is slated to launch in 2013, should help to answer such questions and provide new insights into the history of martian water.
The river deltas on Mars are of high interest to planetary scientists because deltas on Earth rapidly bury organic carbon and other biomarkers of life and are a prime target for future exploration. Most astrobiologists believe any present indications of life on Mars will be discovered in the form of subterranean microorganisms.
“On Earth, deltas and lakes are excellent collectors and preservers of signs of past life,” said Di Achille. “If life ever arose on Mars, deltas may be the key to unlocking Mars’ biological past.”
Hynek said long-lived oceans may have provided an environment for microbial life to take hold on Mars.
