An unusual supernova rediscovered in 7-year-old data may be the first example of a new type of exploding star, possibly from a binary star system where helium flows from one white dwarf onto another and detonates in a thermonuclear explosion.
Dovi Poznanski and his colleagues, from University of California, Berkeley, and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) describe the outburst, dubbed SN 2002bj, and why they believe it is a new type of explosion.
“This is the fastest evolving supernova we have ever seen,” said Poznanski. “It was three to four times faster than a standard supernova, basically disappearing within 20 days. Its brightness just dropped like a rock.”
This rapid drop, coupled with the supernova’s faintness, the strong signature of helium in the spectrum of the explosion, the absence of hydrogen, and the possible presence of vanadium — an element never identified previously in supernova spectra — points toward helium detonation on a white dwarf, the astronomers said.
“We think this may well be a new physical explosion mechanism, not just a minor variation of ones already known,” said Alex Filippenko, from UC Berkeley and member of Astronomy magazine’s Editorial Advisory Board. “This supernova is qualitatively different from the complete disruption of a white dwarf, known as a Type Ia supernova, or the collapse of an iron core and rebound of the surrounding material, so-called ‘core-collapse supernovae.'”
Joshua Bloom, UC Berkeley, also views SN 2002bj as a “new beast” quite different from the two well-known classes of supernovae.
“We have seen great diversity in those two main supernova mechanisms, but even within that diversity, observationally, there is a limited range of variation spectrally and in how events evolve in time,” he said. “This object (SN 2002bj) falls outside that range.”
The supernova was detected in 2002 in the galaxy NGC 1821, in the constellation Lepus, by Filippenko’s Katzman Automatic Imaging Telescope (KAIT) at Lick Observatory near San Jose as well as by amateur astronomers. Due to an unfortunate alignment of circumstances, the supernova was erroneously classified by the astronomical community as a common Type II supernova and filed away.
In June, Poznanski happened upon the spectrum while searching for Type II supernovae he hopes to use as distance indicators to confirm the accelerating expansion of the universe. When he examined a high-quality spectrum of SN 2002bj, he realized that the supernova was not a Type II at all, but an unusual kind of supernova more akin to a Type Ia.
The spectrum had been obtained 7 days after its discovery by Filippenko and Douglas Leonard, from San Diego State University, using the Keck I telescope.
“Its classification was a mistake, which is understandable given the conditions of the data. But a redress of old data with fresh eyes is not usually this fruitful,” Leonard said.
Pulling out follow-up images made by KAIT, Poznanski and Mohan Ganeshalingam, UC Berkeley, found that the brightness of SN 2002bj dropped off so rapidly that the supernova disappeared 20 days after its discovery. An image of that area of the sky taken seven days prior to its discovery showed no supernova, so it had brightened and dimmed into obscurity in less than 27 days, whereas most supernovae brighten and dim over 3 to 4 months.
Searching through thousands of supernovae spectra, Poznanski and Ryan Chornock, from Harvard University, could find none that had such an awkward composition, but they did come across a theory of fast but faint supernovae that seemed to fit.
Proposed by Lars Bildsten, from the Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics at UC Santa Barbara, and colleagues, the theory involves AM Canum Venaticorum (AM CVn) binary systems, which are composed of two white dwarfs, one of which is primarily made of helium that is being slowly pulled by gravity onto its companion. White dwarfs are the remnants of stars that burned their hydrogen down to carbon and oxygen or, in some particular cases, to helium.
Bildsten and colleagues proposed that in AM CVn systems, when enough helium has been accumulated on the surface of the primary white dwarf, an explosion will occur that can “power a faint and rapidly rising (few days) thermonuclear supernova.”
Christopher Stubbs at Harvard University jokingly dubbed it a ”.Ia” (point one A) supernova, because it is one-tenth as bright for one-tenth the time as a Type Ia supernova, and the name stuck.
Filippenko noted that this explosion is nothing like a regular Type Ia explosion because the white dwarf survives the detonation of the helium shell. In fact, it has similarities to both a nova and a supernova. Novas occur when matter, primarily hydrogen, falls onto a star and accumulates in a shell that can flare up as brief thermonuclear explosions. SN 2002bj is a “super” nova, generating about 1,000 times the energy of a standard nova, he said.
The explosion would have created heavy elements such as chromium, which decays to vanadium and then to titanium. Thus, absorption lines of vanadium could be expected, Poznanski said.
Filippenko noted that the past few years have “yielded a bonanza of weird supernovae.”
“A lot of us who have studied supernovae for several decades are amazed at the quality and quantity of data coming in recently, showing interesting new subclasses or even strange new physical classes of supernovae,” he said. “It whets my appetite for what else we might find out there with these large, wide-sky surveys like the Palomar Transient Factory, Dark Energy Survey, and the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope. KAIT has discovered about 800 supernovae, but these new surveys will find thousands or hundreds of thousands of supernovae.”
Poznanski, too, is expecting the current Palomar Transient Factory, which uses a wide-field camera to search the sky daily for new objects, to find more supernovae like SN 2002bj. The factory is a project led by Shri Kulkarni, from the California Institute of Technology (Caltech).
“The Palomar survey will be able to find many rare objects, like SN 2002bj, by scanning huge parts of the sky and not limit itself to the big, bright, and nearby galaxies,” Poznanski said.
