Rosetta closes in on Earth

ESA's comet chaser, Rosetta, is on its way to its second close encounter with Earth on November 13.Provided by ESA, Noordwijk, Netherlands
By | Published: November 12, 2007 | Last updated on May 18, 2023

Rosetta
This is an artist’s rendition of Rosetta’s closest approach to Earth during its second swing-by of our planet on November 13 this year.
ESA/C. Carreau
November 12, 2007
This month’s Earth swing-by is Rosetta’s third major step on its 10-year journey to 67/P Churyumov-Gerasimenko. The trajectory correction maneuver successfully performed last month, prepared ESA’s Comet Chaser for the upcoming encounter. The spacecraft is now right on track to gain the right amount of energy from Earth’s gravity and save fuel later on.

Closest approach will take place on November 13, 2007 at 21:57 CET, at which time Rosetta will speed past at 45 000 km/h (about 12.5 km/s) relative to Earth. At this time, Rosetta will be 5301 km above the Pacific Ocean, south-west of Chile, at 63 DEG 46′ South and 74 DEG 35′ West.

Swing-bys make use of the gravitational attraction of planets to modify a spacecraft’s trajectory and to gain the orbital energy needed to reach the final target.

This artist’s impression shows the orbits of Earth (blue) and Rosetta (white) as the comet chaser swings by our planet.
ESA/C. Carreau
The first Earth swing-by took place on March 4, 2005. On February 25, 2007, Rosetta made its closest approach to Mars, to use its gravity. The swing-by this month will be followed by the third and last swing-by, using Earth’s gravity, on November 13, 2009.

While the gravity-assist maneuver at Mars was needed to slow the spacecraft down and head back towards the inner solar system, the second Earth swing by will help Rosetta gain enough energy to reach the outer solar system through the asteroid belt and observe asteroid Steins, one of its scientific targets. Rosetta will then head back to Earth for the last planned swing-by in November 2009.

The increased energy from this Earth swing-by will help Rosetta cross the asteroid belt for a second time, observe Lutetia, its second target asteroid, and finally rendezvous with comet 67/P Churyumov-Gerasimenko. The rendezvous will take place about 4 astronomical units or 600 million km from the Sun, in 2014.

During this Earth swing-by, the highest priority will be given to spacecraft operations, as the maneuver is critical for the success of the overall mission. In addition, during the incoming and outgoing tracks of the swing-by, Rosetta will be under unfavorable solar illumination and thus temperature conditions. This is why only very limited slots will be available for the instruments to be used safely.

Rosetta will first point to Earth to make observations of the atmosphere and the magnetosphere, including a search for shooting stars from space. It will image urban regions in Asia, Africa and Europe and then point to the Moon and obtain spectra of the illuminated Moon. Flying away after closest approach, Rosetta will image the Earth-Moon system from a distance.

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