Gliese 667C is a well-studied star. Just over one-third of the mass of the Sun, it is part of a triple star system known as Gliese 667 (GJ 667), which is 22 light-years away in the constellation Scorpius the Scorpion. This is quite close to us — within the Sun’s neighborhood — and much closer than the star systems investigated using telescopes such as the planet-hunting Kepler space telescope.
Previous studies of Gliese 667C had found that the star hosts three planets, with one of them in the habitable zone. Now, a team of astronomers led by Guillem Anglada-Escudé of the University of Göttingen in Germany and Mikko Tuomi of the University of Hertfordshire, United Kingdom, has re-examined the system. They have added new HARPS observations along with data from ESO’s Very Large Telescope (VLT), the W. M. Keck Observatory, and the Magellan Telescopes to the already existing picture. The team has found evidence for up to seven planets around the star.
These planets orbit the third fainter star of a triple star system. Viewed from one of these newly found planets, the two other suns would look like a pair of bright stars visible in the daytime, and at night they would provide as much illumination as the Full Moon. The new planets completely fill up the habitable zone of Gliese 667C as there are no more stable orbits in which a planet could exist at the right distance to it.
“We knew that the star had three planets from previous studies, so we wanted to see whether there were any more,” said Tuomi. “By adding some new observations and revisiting existing data, we were able to confirm these three and confidently reveal several more. Finding three low-mass planets in the star’s habitable zone is very exciting!”
Three of these planets are confirmed to be super-Earths — planets more massive than Earth but less massive than planets like Uranus or Neptune — that are within their star’s habitable zone, a thin shell around a star in which water may be present in liquid form if conditions are right. This is the first time that three such planets have been spotted orbiting in this zone in the same system.
“The number of potentially habitable planets in our galaxy is much greater if we can expect to find several of them around each low-mass star. Instead of looking at 10 stars to look for a single potentially habitable planet, we now know we can look at just one star and find several of them,” said Rory Barnes from the University of Washington in Seattle.
Compact systems around Sun-like stars have been found to be abundant in the Milky Way. Around such stars, planets orbiting close to the parent star are very hot and are unlikely to be habitable. But this is not true for cooler and dimmer stars such as Gliese 667C. In this case, the habitable zone lies entirely within an orbit the size of Mercury’s, much closer in than for our Sun. The Gliese 667C system is the first example of a system where such a low-mass star is seen to host several potentially rocky planets in the habitable zone.
“This exciting result was largely made possible by the power of HARPS and its associated software, and it also underlines the value of the ESO archive,” said Gaspare Lo Curto from ESO. “It is very good to also see several independent research groups exploiting this unique instrument and achieving the ultimate precision.”
“These new results highlight how valuable it can be to re-analyze data in this way and combine results from different teams on different telescopes,” said Anglada-Escudé.
