Titan glows in the dark

Scientists’ best guess is that the glow results from deeper-penetrating cosmic rays or from light emitted due to some kind of chemical reaction deep in the atmosphere.
By and | Published: November 6, 2012 | Last updated on May 18, 2023

Titan-glow
This set of images from NASA’s Cassini spacecraft shows Saturn’s moon Titan glowing in the dark. Titan was behind Saturn at the time, in eclipse from the sun. The image on the left is a calibrated, but unprocessed image from Cassini’s imaging camera. The image on the right was processed to exclude reflected light off Saturn, and it is clear that even where Titan did not receive any Saturnshine, it is still emitting light. Some light appears to be emanating from high in the atmosphere (noted by the outer dashed line at about 625 miles [1,000 kilometers] in altitude). But more surprisingly, most of it is diffusing up from lower down in the moon’s haze, from about 190 miles (300km) above the surface. //Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/SSI
A literal shot in the dark by imaging cameras on NASA’s Cassini spacecraft has yielded an image of a visible glow from Titan, emanating not just from the top of Titan’s atmosphere, but also from deep in the atmosphere through the moon’s haze. A person in a balloon in Titan’s haze layer wouldn’t see the glow because it’s too faint — something like a millionth of a watt. Scientists were able to detect it with Cassini because the spacecraft’s cameras are able to take long-exposure images.

“It turns out that Titan glows in the dark, though very dimly,” said Robert West at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) in Pasadena, California. “It’s a little like a neon sign, where electrons generated by electrical power bang into neon atoms and cause them to glow. Here we’re looking at light emitted when charged particles bang into nitrogen molecules in Titan’s atmosphere.”

Scientists are interested in studying the input of energy from the Sun and charged particles into Titan’s atmosphere because it is at the heart of the natural organic chemistry factory that exists in Titan’s atmosphere.

“Scientists want to know what galvanizes the chemical reactions forming the heavy molecules that develop into Titan’s thick haze of organic chemicals,” said Linda Spilker, also from JPL. “This kind of work helps us understand what kind of organic chemistry could have existed on an early Earth.” The light, known as airglow, is produced when atoms and molecules are excited by ultraviolet sunlight or electrically charged particles. Cassini scientists already have seen an airglow from Titan’s nitrogen molecules caused by X-rays and ultraviolet radiation from the Sun when Titan was illuminated by our star. During 2009, Titan passed through Saturn’s shadow, offering a unique opportunity for Cassini instruments to observe any luminescence from Titan while in darkness. Cassini’s imaging cameras could see in very dim light by using exposure times of 560 seconds.

Scientists expected to see a glow in the high atmosphere (above 400 miles [700 kilometers] in altitude) where charged particles from the magnetic bubble around Saturn strip electrons off atmospheric molecules at Titan. Although an extremely weak emission was seen in that region, they were surprised to see Titan’s dark face glow in visible wavelengths of light from deeper in the atmosphere (at about 190 miles [300km] above the surface), as though illuminated by moonshine from nearby satellites.

The scientists took into account sunlight reflected off Saturn. There was still a glow from the part of Titan that was dark. The luminescence was diffusing up from too deep for charged particles from the Sun to be exciting atmospheric particles. The area also was not affected by the shooting of charged particles into the magnetic fields, which is what causes aurorae.

Scientists’ best guess is that the glow is being caused by deeper-penetrating cosmic rays or by light emitted due to some kind of chemical reaction deep in the atmosphere.

“This is exciting because we’ve never seen this at Titan before,” West said. “It tells us that we don’t know all there is to know about Titan and makes it even more mysterious.”

Scientists have previously reported that the night side of Venus’ atmosphere also produces a glow, called the ashen light. Some have suggested that lightning on Venus is responsible, although that explanation is not universally accepted. While Cassini’s radio-wave instrument has detected lightning at Saturn, it has not detected lightning at Titan. Scientists plan to keep looking for clues as Cassini continues to make its way around the Saturn system for another season.

A literal shot in the dark by imaging cameras on NASA’s Cassini spacecraft has yielded an image of a visible glow from Titan, emanating not just from the top of Titan’s atmosphere, but also from deep in the atmosphere through the moon’s haze. A person in a balloon in Titan’s haze layer wouldn’t see the glow because it’s too faint — something like a millionth of a watt. Scientists were able to detect it with Cassini because the spacecraft’s cameras are able to take long-exposure images.

“It turns out that Titan glows in the dark, though very dimly,” said Robert West at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) in Pasadena, California. “It’s a little like a neon sign, where electrons generated by electrical power bang into neon atoms and cause them to glow. Here we’re looking at light emitted when charged particles bang into nitrogen molecules in Titan’s atmosphere.”

Scientists are interested in studying the input of energy from the Sun and charged particles into Titan’s atmosphere because it is at the heart of the natural organic chemistry factory that exists in Titan’s atmosphere.

“Scientists want to know what galvanizes the chemical reactions forming the heavy molecules that develop into Titan’s thick haze of organic chemicals,” said Linda Spilker, also from JPL. “This kind of work helps us understand what kind of organic chemistry could have existed on an early Earth.” The light, known as airglow, is produced when atoms and molecules are excited by ultraviolet sunlight or electrically charged particles. Cassini scientists already have seen an airglow from Titan’s nitrogen molecules caused by X-rays and ultraviolet radiation from the Sun when Titan was illuminated by our star. During 2009, Titan passed through Saturn’s shadow, offering a unique opportunity for Cassini instruments to observe any luminescence from Titan while in darkness. Cassini’s imaging cameras could see in very dim light by using exposure times of 560 seconds.

Scientists expected to see a glow in the high atmosphere (above 400 miles [700 kilometers] in altitude) where charged particles from the magnetic bubble around Saturn strip electrons off atmospheric molecules at Titan. Although an extremely weak emission was seen in that region, they were surprised to see Titan’s dark face glow in visible wavelengths of light from deeper in the atmosphere (at about 190 miles [300km] above the surface), as though illuminated by moonshine from nearby satellites.

The scientists took into account sunlight reflected off Saturn. There was still a glow from the part of Titan that was dark. The luminescence was diffusing up from too deep for charged particles from the Sun to be exciting atmospheric particles. The area also was not affected by the shooting of charged particles into the magnetic fields, which is what causes aurorae.

Scientists’ best guess is that the glow is being caused by deeper-penetrating cosmic rays or by light emitted due to some kind of chemical reaction deep in the atmosphere.

“This is exciting because we’ve never seen this at Titan before,” West said. “It tells us that we don’t know all there is to know about Titan and makes it even more mysterious.”

Scientists have previously reported that the night side of Venus’ atmosphere also produces a glow, called the ashen light. Some have suggested that lightning on Venus is responsible, although that explanation is not universally accepted. While Cassini’s radio-wave instrument has detected lightning at Saturn, it has not detected lightning at Titan. Scientists plan to keep looking for clues as Cassini continues to make its way around the Saturn system for another season.

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