“Near the north and south poles, the conditions appear to be favorable for water ice to exist beneath the surface,” said Timothy Stubbs from NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, and the University of Maryland, Baltimore County. Stubbs and Yongli Wang from the Goddard Planetary Heliophysics Institute at the University of Maryland published the models. The models are based on information from telescopes including NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope.
Vesta, the second-most massive object in the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter, probably does not have any significant permanently shadowed craters where water ice could stay frozen on the surface all the time, not even in the roughly 300-mile-diameter (480 kilometers) crater near the south pole.
The asteroid isn’t a good candidate for permanent shadowing because it is tilted on its axis at about 27°, which is even greater than Earth’s tilt of roughly 23°. In contrast, the Moon, which does have permanently shadowed craters, is tilted at only about 1.5°. As a result of its large tilt, Vesta has seasons, and every part of the surface is expected to see the Sun at some point during Vesta’s year.
The presence or absence of water ice on Vesta tells scientists something about the tiny world’s formation and evolution, its history of bombardment by comets and other objects, and its interaction with the space environment. Because similar processes are common to many other planetary bodies, including the Moon, Mercury, and other asteroids, learning more about these processes has fundamental implications for our understanding of the solar system as a whole. This kind of water ice is also potentially valuable as a resource for further exploration of the solar system.
Although temperatures on Vesta fluctuate during the year, the model predicts that the average annual temperature near Vesta’s north and south poles is less than roughly –200° Fahrenheit (–130° Celsius). That is the critical average temperature below which water ice is thought to be able to survive in the top 10 feet (3 meters) or so of the soil, which is called regolith.
Near Vesta’s equator, however, the average yearly temperature is roughly –190° F (–120° C), according to the new results. Based on previous modeling, that is expected to be high enough to prevent water from remaining within a few feet of the surface. This band of relatively warm temperatures extends from the equator to about 27° north and south in latitude.
“On average, it’s colder at Vesta’s poles than near its equator, so in that sense, they are good places to sustain water ice,” said Stubbs. “But they also see sunlight for long periods of time during the summer seasons, which isn’t so good for sustaining ice. So if water ice exists in those regions, it may be buried beneath a relatively deep layer of dry regolith.”
The modeling also indicates that relatively small surface features, such as craters measuring around 6 miles (10km) in diameter, could significantly affect the survival of water ice. “The bottoms of some craters could be cold enough on average — about –280° F (–170° C) — for water to be able to survive on the surface for much of the vestan year [about 3.6 years on Earth],” Stubbs said. “Although, at some point during the summer, enough sunlight would shine in to make the water leave the surface and either be lost or perhaps redeposit somewhere else.”
So far, Earth-based observations suggest that the surface of Vesta is quite dry. However, the Dawn spacecraft is getting a much closer view. Dawn is investigating the role of water in the evolution of planets by studying Vesta and Ceres, two bodies in the asteroid belt that are considered remnant protoplanets — baby planets whose growth was interrupted when Jupiter formed.
Dawn is looking for water using the gamma ray and neutron detector (GRaND) spectrometer, which can identify hydrogen-rich deposits that could be associated with water ice. The spacecraft recently entered a low orbit that is well-suited to collecting gamma-ray and neutron data.
“Our perceptions of Vesta have been transformed in a few months as the Dawn spacecraft has entered orbit and spiraled closer to its surface,” said Lucy McFadden from NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland. “More importantly, our new views of Vesta tell us about the early processes of solar system formation. If we can detect evidence for water beneath the surface, the next question will be is it very old or very young, and that would be exciting to ponder.”
The modeling done by Stubbs and Wang, for example, relies on information about Vesta’s shape. Before Dawn, the best source of that information was a set of images taken by NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope in 1994 and 1996. But now, Dawn and its camera are getting a much closer view of Vesta.
“The Dawn mission gives researchers a rare opportunity to observe Vesta for an extended period of time, the equivalent of about one season on Vesta,” says Stubbs. “Hopefully, we’ll know in the next few months whether the GRaND spectrometer sees evidence of water ice in Vesta’s regolith. This is an important and exciting time in planetary exploration.”
