Scientists have found that extreme solar activity drastically compresses the magnetosphere and modifies the composition of ions in near-Earth space. They are now looking to model how these changes affect orbiting satellites, including the GPS system. The results were obtained from coordinated in-situ measurements performed by the European Space Agency’s (ESA) four Cluster satellites along with the two Chinese/ESA Double Star satellites.
Under normal solar conditions, GPS satellites orbit within the magnetosphere – the protective magnetic bubble carved out by Earth’s magnetic field. The picture changes significantly when solar activity increases. The bubble is compressed and particles become energized, exposing satellites to higher doses of radiation that can perturb signal reception.
Such increased solar activity affects all satellites, not only the GPS system. This is why monitoring and forecasting its impact on near-Earth space is becoming increasingly critical to safeguarding daily life on Earth. One way to do this is by studying the physics of near-Earth space and observing the impact of such activity in time.
During two extreme solar explosions, or solar flares, January 21, 2005, and December 13, 2006, the Cluster constellation and the two Double Star satellites were favorably positioned to observe the events at a large scale. The satellites carried out coordinated measurements of the response of the magnetosphere to these events.
During both events, the velocity of positively charged particles in the solar wind was found to be higher than 560 miles (900 kilometers) per second, more than twice their normal speed. In addition, the density of charged particles around Earth was recorded as five times higher than normal. The measurements taken January 2005 also showed a drastic change in ion composition.
These factors together caused the magnetosphere to be compressed. Data show that the ‘nose’ of the dayside magnetopause (the outer boundary of the magnetosphere), usually located about 37,000 miles (60,000 kilometers) from Earth, was only 16,000 miles (25,000 kilometers) away.
The second explosion December 2006 released extremely powerful high-energy X rays followed by a huge amount of mass from the solar atmosphere (called a coronal mass ejection). During the event, GPS signal reception on the ground was lost.
Typical nose-like ion structures in near-Earth space were washed out as energetic particles were injected into the magnetosphere. These nose-like structures, formed earlier in the ‘ring current’ in the equatorial region near Earth, were detected simultaneously on opposite sides of Earth. Measurements of the ring current showed that its strength had increased.
About 5 hours after the coronal mass ejection hit Earth’s magnetosphere, a Double Star satellite observed penetrating solar energetic particles on the night side. These particles are hazardous to astronauts as well as satellites.
“With these detailed observations, we’ll be able to plug in data and better estimate what happens to the inner magnetosphere and near-Earth space during such explosions on the Sun,” said Iannis Dandouras, lead author and principal investigator of the Cluster Ion Spectrometer.
“Looking at such a large-scale physical phenomena with a single satellite is akin to predicting the impact of a tsunami with a single buoy,” said Matt Taylor, ESA’s project scientist for Cluster and Double Star. “With Cluster and Double Star, we have monitored both sides of Earth simultaneously, and obtained valuable in-situ data.”
